Foundations-600+CE

Foundations: 8000 BCE-600 CE 1. Nomads -**Foraging societies**- hunter-gatherer clans who traveled from point to point as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated -**Pastoral societies**- domestication of animals, based in mountainous regions with little rainfall, woman had few rights 2. Neolithic (“New Stone”) Revolution or Agricultural Revolution -**Consequences of Agriculture**- domestication of animals, transition to town/city life, food surplus, labor specialization -**Impact of Agriculture on the Environment**- animals used for labor/food/clothing, creating farmlands/buildings/monuments -**Technology**- farming tools, pottery, clothing, wheels, sails, Bronze Age (creation of bronze, latter part of era), discovery of iron 3. The Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver -Mesopotamia -**city-states**- urban centers+ agricultural lands, could be combined when sharing cultural characteristics -**Mesopotamia**- land between Tigris and Euphrates River with unpredictable flooding. Part of Fertile Crescent, canals ad dikes, Ur/ Erech/ Kish were Sumer’s major-city states -**Sumerian civilization**- cuneiform, units of 60, polytheistic, 12-month calendar, ziggurats, overthrown around 1200 BCE -**Polytheistic**- practiced by Mesopotamian and Mediterranean empires, Aryan, Hinduism, and traditional systems, belief in multiple gods, rituals, rise of priestly classes -**ziggurats**- similar to pyramids, used for religious reasons, Sumerian -**Akkad**- city north of Sumer, first code of laws -**Babylon**- overthrew Akkad by 1700 BCE, fell by invasions of Kassites and Hittites -**Code of Hammurabi**- legal codes -**Hittites**- central Babylon, iron -**Ninevah**- capital of Assyria -**Nebuchadnezzar**- Chaldean, extended Babylon to Fertile Crescent -**Persian Empire**- after Babylon -**Great Royal Road**- 1,600 miles long, series of Persian roads, from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea -**Lydians**- first monetary system -**Phoenecians**- alphabet, naval city-states -**Hebrews**- first Jews -Ancient Egypt -**Egyptian civilization**- Old, Middle, and New (height), (1400 BCE) from upper Nile River valley through eastern Med. regions -**King Menes**- Memphis, managed floodwaters, unification of river valley -**Pharoahs**- rulers of Egypt -**Hieroglyphics**- series of pictures representing words and letters -**Egyptians and afterlife**- mummification, pyramids, polytheistic -**Queen Hatshepsut**- first female ruler, ruled 22 years during New Kingdom, trade expeditions -**Women in Egypt**- could buy and sell property, inherit property, and choose to will their property, right to dissolve marriages, subservient to men -**Egyptian social structure**- pharaohs, priests, nobles, officials and artisans, peasants, and slaves -**Ancient Egypt’s decline**- conquered by Assyria, Persian, Greek, and Rome -Indus Valley Civilization - **Indus Valley civilization**- limited outside contact -**Kyber Pass**- Indus’ connection to outside world -**Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro**- major cities of Indus Valley -**Aryans**- nomadic tribes from north of Caucaus Mts., migrated to India, basis of India’s caste system -**Vedas** and **Upanishads**- records of Aryan’s beliefs and traditions -**Hinduism**- began in India with Aryans, Brahmas is creater of all things, life goal is to merge with Brahmah, dharma (rules and obligations to your caste), continuous cycle of life, death, and rebirth until you achieve moksha, spawned off to Buddhism -**caste system**- Brahmans, warriors, landowners/ merchants, peasants, not allowed to move between classes -**Brahmans**- priest class -Early China -**Shang China**- Yellow River Valley (1600-1100 BCE), “All Under Heaven”, horse-drawn chariots, spoked wheel, pottery, silk, decimal system, calendar -**Patriarchal structure**- extended family led by eldest male -**Zhou Dynasty**- 1100-256 BCE, started by Wu Wang, Mandate of Heaven, influenced by Shang Dynasty, feudal system where king gave nobles power over smaller regions -**Mandate of Heaven**- heaven will grant Zhou power only if rulers governed justly and wisely -**Bureaucracies**- organizing government tasks by department (bureau) -West Africa: Bantu Migrations -**Bantu language families**- farmers from Niger and Benue River valleys in W. Africa -**Bantu migrations**- 200 years after 1500 BCE, Bantu moved to areas formerly occupied by nomads, spurred by climactic changes -**Jenne-Jeno**- first sub-Saharan city 4. Early Mesoamerica and Andean S. America -**Olmec**- 1200-1400 BCE, present Mexico, corn/ beans/ squash, irrigation techniques, polytheistic, system of writing, calendar -**Chavin**- 900-300 BCE, present Andes, polytheistic, seafood diet, metals in tools and weapons, llamas, didn’t develop in a river valley (Olmec also) 5. Classical Civilizations: Mesoamerica -Mayan civilization -**Tikal**- important Mayan political center, 10,000 people -**Warfare**- purpose is to gain slaves, preceded with rituals, king and nobility will take part -**Belief structure and buildings**- honors/ sacrifices/ rituals, heaven/humans/ underworld, gods created humans out of maize and water -**Chichen Itza**- tiered temple 6. The Classical Civilizations: India and China -The Mauryan Empire in India (321- 180 BCE) -**Mauryan Empire**- 321 BCE, from Indus Rivery Valley eastward to Ganges River Valley and S. through Deccan Plateau -**Chandragupta Maurya**- unified smaller Aryan kingdoms -**Ashoka Maurya**- son of Chandragupta, converted to Buddhism, preached nonviolence, spread Buddhism in SE. Asia -**Buddhism**- founded by Siddhartha Guatama, nirvana, Four Noble Truths (life is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, one can be freed from desire, freed by following Eightfold Path), Eightfold Path (right aspiration/ speech/ conduct/ livelihood/ efforts/ mindfulness/ meditation) -**Rock and Pillar Edicts**- Ashoka’s reminder to live generous and righteous lives -The Gupta Dynasty in India (320-550 CE) -**Chandra Gupta**- revived Mauryan Empire (375-415 CE) -**Gupta Empire**- decentralized, relative peace, advances in art and science, decimal system, concept of pi and zero -**Arabic Numerals**- decimal system that used numerals 1-9 -The Qin Dynasty in China (221-209 BCE) -**Qin Dynasty**- standardized laws, currencies, weights, measures, and systems of writing -Great Wall of China- connected separate fortification walls -**Qin Shihuangdi**- first emperor, recentralized feudal kingdoms, refused to tolerate dissent -**Legalism**- human nature is evil, need for tough laws, practical focus to sustain society, harsh punishment, strong central govt., and unquestioned authority -The Han Dynasty in China (200 BCE-200 CE) -**Han Dynasty**- Silk Road, Buddhism spread, Confucius, civil service examinations, paper, sundials, calendars, broaden use of metals -**Huns**- large nomadic group from N. Asia invading territories from China to E. Europe -**Wu Ti**- Warrior Emperor, enlarged Han Empire to C. Asia -**Confucianism**- political and social philosophy, relationships (ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend) to make society orderly and predicable, junzi individuals considered superior) Ren (humanity, kindness, and benevolence), Li (propriety, courtesy, and respect, and deference to elders), Xiao (filial piety), women considered secondary status, relied on fundamental goodness -**Daoism**- from 500 BCE, Dao (way of nature), passive and yielding, promoted scientific discoveries  7. The Classical Civilization: Mediterranean   -Greece  -**Ancient Greece**- peninsula between Aegean and Med. Sea, mountainous, replaced barter system with money system, establish colonies abroad  -**Social Structure and Citizenship**- citizens (adult males), free people (no political rights), non-citizens (slaves with no rights, 1/3 of people) -**Polis**- city-state with common culture and identity -**Athens**- political, commercial, cultural center, first democracy -Sparta, women had great equality, agricultural and militaristic region -**Draco and Solon**- aristocrats who created democracy in Athens and ensured fair, equal and open participation -**Greek mythology**- Greek gods having humanlike qualities -Persian Wars- united Greek city-states agains Persia, Greek victories at Marthon and Salamis -**Golden Age of Pericles**- era of peace and prosperity with Persia held back, Pericles established democracy, Athens became cultural -**Delian League**- Athen’s alliance with other city-states as alliance against aggression from common enemies -**Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle**- father of rational thinkers -**Homer**- the Iliad and the Odyssey -**Peloponessian War**- 431 BCE, Athens vs. Sparta, Athens suffered plague and defeat at Syracuse, Sparta didn’t defeat Athens due to its participation in Persian War -**Macedonians**- led by Philip of Macedon, conquered Athens -**Alexander the Great**- expanded Macedonian dominance, conquered Persian Empire, divided empire into Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and the Seleucid -**Antigonid**- Greece and Macedon -**Ptolemaic**- Egypt, Alexandria as capital, Alexandria Museum, Alexandria Library, cultural center -**Seleucid**- Bactria and Anatolia -**Hellenism**- culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece -Rome (509-486 CE) -**Roman mythology**- influenced by Greeks -Social Structure -**Patricians**- land-owning nobles, the Senate -**Plebeians**- all other free men, the Assembly with two consuls who had veto power -**Slaves** -**Twelve Tables of Rome**- codified laws of Rome, concept of “innocent until proven guilty” -**Carthage**- city-state in N. Africa, enemy of Rome -**Punic Wars**- 264-146 BCE, Carthage vs. Rome -**First Punic War**- 264-261 BCE, Rome gained control of Sicily -**Second Punic War**- 218 BCE, Hannibal surprised Romans and almost destroyed Rome until forced to return to Carthage to defend against Roman army in N. Africa, Carthage sued for peace, Rome became powerful in W. Med. -**Third Punic War**- 149 BCE, Rome invading and burning Carthage -**Hannibal**- Carthaginaian general, led army to N. Italy and crossed Alps to surprise Romans, forced to retreat and defend city, sued for peace -**First triumvate**- after power of Senate weakened, Popey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar -**Julius Caesar**- given power over S. Gaul, and parts of Europe, didn’t conquer Germany, ousted Pompey and Crassus, “emperor for life”, assassinated in 44 BCE -**Second Triumvirate**- Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus -**Octavius**- renamed Augustus Caesar, all power shifted to him, ended Roman Republic and became emperor, rule of law, common coinage, civil service, secure travel for merchants, //Pas Romana// (Roman Peace) 8. Late Classical Period: Empire Collapses, and People Move -**Collapse of the Maya**- unknown reason, desertion of cities in 9th century CE -**Collapse of Han China**- taken by Wang Mang (9-23 CE), replaced by Xin Dynasty, unsuccessful attempts of reforms of land ownership and currency, famines, increasing commodity prices, Xin Dynasty’s end in 23 CE, Han Dynasty restored for a while until 220 CE, China divided into several regional kingdoms, officials exempt from taxes, difficulty in collect tax from peasant population, population increases with less land, govt. corruption, unable to control large estate owners, conflict with Xiongnu -**Collapse of the Gupta Empire**- invaded by White Huns in 5th century, not enough tax for military defense, land divisions increased power of provincial officials, unable to defend against White Huns -**Collapse of the Western Portion of the Roman Empire**- tax revolts by upper class, church exempt from taxes, decrease in trade, frequent change of rulers, division of empire weakened west half, couldn’t defend against Goths and Huns -**Diocletian**- 284 CE, emperor, divided empire into two regions run by co-emperors, civil war after retirement -**Constantine**- power in 322 CE, Constantinople as capital (340 BCE) -**Visigoths**- Germanic peoples adopted Roman law and Christian on borders, conquered Rome (410 CE), Roman emperor deposed (476 CE) -**Attila**- pressed on Germanic tribes who pressed on Roman Empire -Cultural Diffusion -**Silk Road**- China to Roman Empire, disease (Mongol’s Black Death to China, China and Rome suffered from measles and smallpox epidemics), Christianity and Buddhism spread,