Ch+32+Guided+Reading


 * Chapter 32 Guided Reading **

Terms:

1. **Proxy wars**- During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the super powers armed, trained and financed the combatants 2. **The “Brazilian Solution”-** Brazilian army overthrew President Joao Guolart, suspended constitution, outlawed existing political parties, and exiled former presidents and opposition leaders. Establishment of death squads and promotion of industrialization through import substitution (using tax and tariff policies to compel foreign-owned companies to increase investment in manufacturing) 3. **Sandinistas**- members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastatsia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The US financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990. Jimmy Carter tried and failed to find common grounds with Sandinistas. 4. **Contras**- Ronald Reagan created a military force called Contras who were unable to defeat Sandinistas but gained stalemate at end of 1980s 5. **Keiretsu**- alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. There were six major keiretsu, and keiretsu had close relationships with government 6. **The Asian Tigers**- collective name for S. Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. Taiwan suffered political reverses with (1971) loss of UN seat to People’s Republic of China and withdrawal of diplomatic recognition by US. Hong Kong and Singapore tied to port, banking, and commercial service. 7. **Newly industrialized economies (NIEs)-** rapidly, growing, new industrial nations of the late 20th century, including the Asian tigers 8. glasnost 9. **perestroika**- policy of “openness” that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev’s efforts to liberalize communism in the SU. An attempt to address long-suppressed economic problems by moving away from central state planning and toward a more open economic system. (1989) ended war with Afghanistan 10. **Solidarity** - Polish trade union with 9 million members created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. Began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe. 11. **Demographic transition**- a change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birthrates, and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birthrate remains high, causing a population explosion; finally the birthrate drops and the population growth slows down. This transition took place in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in N. America and E. Asia in the mid-20th and, most recently, in L. America, and S. Asia

Individuals / Peoples:

12. **Salvador Allende**- (1908-1973) Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. Died during military attack. He redistributed wealth from elite and middle classes to poor and nationalized most of Chile’s heavy industry and mines. Richard Nixon tried to organize opposition against Allende. (1973) overthrown by Generel August Pinochet 13. **General Augusto Pinochet-** overthrew Salvador Allende in 1973 14. **Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi**- In, Muhammad Reza Phalavi succeeded father as shah of Iran. He had American support and equipped Iranian army with advanced American weaponry 15. **Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini**- (1900?-1989) Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created Islamic republic. Supreme arbiter of disputes and guarantor of religious legitimacy. He oversaw a parliamentary regime based on European models and imposed religious control of legislation and public behavior. Elections were held without open electoral process, and those opposing Islamic republic couldn’t run for office. He temporarily closed universities and was against American and promoted Islamic revolutionary movements. Women wore modest Islamic garments outside homes 16. **Saddam Husain**- (b. 1937) President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980-1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991. He influenced by Arab-nationalist philosophy and alliance with SU 17. **Deng Xiaoping**- (1904-1997) Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. He permitted foreign investment and set up a dual industrial sector with one modern, efficient, and connected to international markets and the other dominated by govt. and directed by political decision. He also permitted contracting of land to individuals and families and tripled agricultural output. He strategize balancing change and continuity without social costs and political consequences 18. Alexander Solzhenitzyn - criticized Soviet system. Won Noble Prize in literature but was charge with treason and expelled from the country in 1974 19. **Mikhail Gorbachev**- (b. 1931) head of the SU from 1985-1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist govt. in E. Europe 20. **Boris Yeltsin** - president of Russian Republic and longtime member of the communist Party, led popular resistance to coup in Moscow and emerged as the most powerful leader in the country 21. **Thomas Malthus**- (1766-1834) 18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production

Wars/Conflicts: 22. **“the Dirty War”-** war waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military 23. **The Falkland Islands War**- (1982) Argentina’s failure to seize Falkan Islands from Great Britain 24. **Iranian Revolution of 1979** -led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 25. **Tiananmen Square Incident**- site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life