Chapter+12+Outline

=__ The Rise of the Mongols: 1200-1260 __= **-Nomadism**- a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water

// Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia //
-traditions such as putting infants on goats-> become accustomed to riding -work fell to slaves (captured during warfare/slavery to avoid starvation) -weak groups gained land rights and protection by providing strong groups w. slaves, livestock, weapons, silk, or cash -arranged marriages to solidify intergroup alliances -common religions= Buddhism, Christianity, or Islam -ultimate god (Sky/Heaven) communicated with khan through process of shamanism -self-sufficiency and food= meat and milk -clothing-felt, leather, fur -woman- prepared fur and watched over breeding and livestock births -dependent on iron for weapons and transportation items -Turks had iron-working stations S. of Altai Mts. in W. Mongolia -strategic establishment of villages after having grain and cotton to grow

// The Mongol Conquests 1215-1283 //
-(1206) Genghis tried to get Eurasia to pay him tribute -(1209) Tanggut rulers of NW China forfeited -(1215) Jin’s capital, Yanjing (present-day Beijing), captured -(1219) invaded Khwarezm, oasis area east of Caspian Sea -(1221) most of Iran submitted to Genghis -Genghis died in 1227 -successor= Great Khan Ogodei -> continues trying to dominate China -destroyed the Thanggut and Jin -wanted territory -(1240-1260) his capital at Karakorum attracted people from Eurasia and was well populated -(1236) Batu (Genghis’ grandson) controlled towns along Volga River, Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary -(1241) Ogodei died - suspended Mongol campaign - family problems -(1265) family branches did not accept self declaration of Khubilai as Great Khan -Guyuk (Genghis’ grandson)= new Great Khan -(1234) control of most of N. China and going for S. Song -(1258) conquered Baghdad and killed last Abbasid caliph -(until 1265) Mongol Empire was united -Great Khan controlled khans of Golden Horde in Russia, khans of Jagadai domains in C. Asia, and Il-khan in Iran -Khubilai transferred court to present day Beijing -(1271) founder of Yuan Empire -**Yuan Empire**- Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan -Jagadai’s descendents were close with Turkic speaking nomads -strengthened Central Asia as independent Mongol center and adopted Islam in western territories -(1279-after Yuan defeated S. Song) Mongol attacked Annam (N. Vietnam) and occupied Hanoi three times until tribute arrangement -(1283) Khubilai made Champa a tribute nature -Java invasion and two Japan invasions (1274 & 1281) failed -focused on horseback and strong bows -met match at Battle of Ain Jalut -opponent, Mamluk forces, had techniques from same traditions -fired flaming arrows and used catapults -resisting Mongol attack result= slaughter or sieges until surrender

// Overland Trade and the Plague //
-nobles wore silk coming from China -silk used for clothing, wall hangings, and furnishings -vast trading of artistic designs, silk, porcelain -influencing culture -merchants met ambassadors, scholars, and missionaries during trip to Mongol courts -Venetian Marco Polo (1254-1324) traveled on Mongol roads -bubonic plague from southwestern China spread and infected oasis towns -(mid-13th century) Mongol troops built barracks in Yunnan spreading plague into central China, northwestern China, and Central Asia -(1346) rats harmed Mongol army during invasion of Kaffa in Crimea, causing retreat -Typhus, influenza, and small pox spread with plague -> “great pandemic” (1347-1352) = = =__ The Mongols and Islam: 1260-1500 __= -(1260) Il-khan state controlled Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, & Iran, and parts of Armenia -**Il-khan**­-a “secondary” or “peripheral” khan based in Persia. The il-khans’ khanate was founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq - Mongols conquering S. Russia settled north of Caspian Sea and established capital of their Khanate of the Golden Horde at Sarai on the Volga River -**Golden Horde**- Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu. It was based in S. Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. AKA: Kipchack Horde -dominated indigenous Muslim Turkic population -some imperial family members professed Islam -Turkic Muslims served family -Hulegu (Buddhist) had a Shi’ite advisor and granted rights to the Shi’ites -conflict of Islam and Mongol traditions -Mongol worshiped idols -Mongol slaughter animals without spilling blood while Muslims slitted throats and drained blood -Islam= center of inter-Mongol tension -Batu’s successor as leader of Golden Horde became a Muslim and sought revenge for the death of the Abbasid caliph, and tried conquering Cucasu (Il-khans claimed it too) -Il-khan court and Poppe Nicholas formed cooperation and two Christian Turks were sent to w. Europe as Il-khan ambassadors in late 1200s -European leaders believed if they helped non-Muslim Il-khans stop the Golden Horde from claiming the Cuacascusm the Il-khans would relieve pressure on crusader states in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine -Golden Horde allied with Muslim Mamluks in Egypt to go against crusaders and Il-khans -(1295) Ghazan, new Il-khan ruler, declared himself a Muslim

// Islam and the State //
-Il-khans used tax-farming to derive weath -govt. sold tax-collecting contracts to merchants -over time, rates drove landowners into debt and servitude -agriculture declined -govt. took land to grow own grain in order to feed soldiers (no taxes paid) -Ghazan had economic problems -revenues needs kept taxes reductions from being permanent -failure of paper money usage -economic depression until 1349 -government destabilized and competition -(mid-14th century) Golden Horde moved into Il-khans western and central territory (Azerbaijan) -Timur commanded Jagadai forces and launched campaigns into w. Eurasia -(1398) defeat Muslim sultanate of Delhi in N. India - (1402) defeat sultan of Ottoman Empire in Anatolia - (1405) died during march to China - descendents (Timurids) failed to hold empire but laid foundation of Mughals (Muslim Mongol-Turkic regime) in 16th century

// Culture and Science in Islamic Eurasia //
-Timur’s sending of Middle Eastern scholars, artists, and craftsmen to Samarkand created advancement - Juvaini (historian, d. 1283) noted Genghis Khan’s deathbed speech -from Balkh, city that Mongols destroyed in 1221 -writing was supported by Il-khan Hulegu -wrote first comprehensive narrative of rise of Mongols under Genghis Khan -Rashid al-Din (Ghazan’s prime minister) attempted first history of the world after being inspired by Juvaini -Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) shared ideas with Timur -Nashir al-Din- Persian mathmatician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernician model of the solar system (however, earth as center) -laid foundations for algebra and trigonometry -Ghiyas al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi created pi =__ Regional Responses in Western Eurasiamy class I saf __=

// Russia and Rule from Afar //
-Golden Horde gradually disunited into smaller khanates -White Horde rule SE Russia in 15th century -Russian invasion upon Crimean khanate -Old Church Slavonic revived -Russian scholars shunned Byzantine Greek -**Alexander Nevskii** (Novgorod prince) submitted to invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as leader of Russian princes under Golden Horde -people moved northward to open new agricultural land far from Mongol steppe lands to SW -Bubonic plague caused population loss especially in Ukraine due to movement of Mongol armies -**Tsar**- Russian title for monarch to refer Russian Ruler, Ivan III (r. 1462-1505)

// New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia //
-Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II negotiated with Muslim rulers -Teutonic Knights’ goal: Christianized the Slavic and Kipchack population of N. Europe -Alexander Nevskii went against Teutonic Knights and Finnish allies, causing setback in 1242 -Europeans learned diplomatic passports, coal mining, high-temp metallurgy, mathematics, gunpowder, bronze cannons, movable type -Lithuania strengthened and maintained independence from Mongols -Serbian king’s Stephan Dushan’s empire declined after death (1355) and destroyed during battle of Kosovo (1389) -**Ottoman Empire**- Islamic state founded by Osman in NW Anatolia (ca 1300) -(1453-1922) based at Istanbul after fall of Byzantine Empire -spread among lands in Middle East, N. Africa, Caucasus, and eastern Europe =__ Mongol Domination in China, 1271-1368 __= -(1230s) N. China dominated by Mongols -Ogodei enforced tax-farming system in China -benefits: transportation routes, exchange of experts and advisers between E. and W. Eurasia, and transmission of ideas and skills

// The Yuan Empire, 1279-1368 //
-Khubilai Kan was tolerant and accepted ideas of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism -included Confucians in govts. But were low positions -**lamas**- teachings of Buddhist priests from Tibet -popular with Mongol rulers in 1200s and 1300s -Beijing (Yuan capital)= center of cultural and economic life -eastern station for caravan routes beginning near Tabriz (Il-khan) and Sarai (Golden Horde); had horseback courier system -Mongol unified China’s three states (Tanggut, Jin, and Song) -ranking: Mongols (warriors), Central Asians and Middle Easterners (census takers and tax collectors), Northern Chinese, and S. Chinese -Yuan rulers focused on cenuses and tax collections -to stabilize copper coin values, Mongols cut off trade with Japan -city life appealed to merchants instead of scholars -development of Mandarin (Mongolian-influenced Chinese) -China’s population decreased 40% during 80 yrs of Mongol rule without concrete reason

// Cultural and Scientific Exchange //
-Il-khan spread engineering, astronomy, and math to China and Korea -Middle Eastern Muslims controlled weapons manufacturing and engineering projects for Khubilai’s armies -Khubilai brought Iranians to Beijing to build observatory and institute for astronomy -renewed China’s traditional usage of herbs, drugs, and potion

// The Fall of the Yuan Empire //
-(1340s) power struggle between Mongol princes -Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed Yuan Empire and became founder of the Ming =__ The Early Ming Empire, 1368-1500 __= -**Ming Empire-** Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) established after overthrow of Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored Forbidden City to be built and Zheng He’s voyages. Had technological and economic decline in later years -capital moved to Nanjing (“southern capital) on Yangzi River -broke relations with Central Asia and Middle East foster by Mongols and strictly monitored imports and visitors -silver replaced for tax payments and commerce -similar Yuan provicial structure and hereditary categories -Mongol calender still in use **-Yongle­**- reign period Zhu Di, third emperor of Ming empire (r. 1403- 1424) -built Forbidden city, aided Zheng He’s travels, and reopened China’s borders for trade and travel -returned capital to Beijing -Zheng He publicized Yongle and added 50 tributary states to Ming Empire

// Technology and Population //
-agriculture peaked in 1400’s before leveling off -limited mining to reinforce value and control/tax industry -decline of bronze and steel techniques -(1500) technological development peaked -high pop. growth-> production of staples (wheat, millet, barley in north/ rice in south) and deforestation (high price in wood) //The Ming Achievement // -literature flourished -“Romance of Three Kingdoms”/ “Water Margin” -advancement in porcelain =__ Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, 1500-1800 __=

// Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, 1231-1500 //
-(1231) Korea suffered during war against Mongol attack -link between Koryo and Mongols by marriage -(mid 1300s) Koryo kings were Mongol descents with Mongolian influences -exposure to Yuan China, neo Confucianism, Chan Buddhism, and celadon ceramics -introduced to cotton, gunpowder, calendar prediction, astronomical observation, and mathematics -celestial clocks (central Asian and Islamic influence) -scholars were taught Mongolian language -falconry and grazing -merchants trading w/ Beijing -**Yi**- dynasty ruling Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan -continued Mongol-style land surveys, taxation, and military techniques -revived Confucianism -(700s) Koreans used Chinese woodblock printing but not efficient -(1400s) development of printing device to anchor the typing pieces to printing plate (used phonetic han’gul writing system) -printing informed readers -cash crop expansion (primary=cotton) -(1300s) cannons mounted on ships

// Political Transformation in Japan, 1274-1500 //
-(1274) successful Mongol invasion on Japan -shogun (military leader) exchanged land and privileges for tribute and soldier supply -executed Khubilai -military planners studied Mongol tactics to restyle own military -construction of fortifications at western parts of Korea -(1281) Mongol 2nd attack -Japan used built defensive barriers and typhoon to win -**kamikaze**- the “divine wind”, which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281 -financial stress over building additional defenses (not knowing that Mongols had given up on third invasion) -(1333-1338) Go-Daigo tried to reclaim shogun’s power -civil war -> broke Kamakura system -**Ashikaga Shogunate**- (1336-1573) second of Japan’s military govts. Headed by a shogun -took contol of Kyoto -increase in agricultural productivity and artistic creativity -(late 1400s) conflicts between warlords and followers led to warlord’s near end -(1477) Onin War destroyed Kyoto -resumed trade with China and Korea

// The Emergence of Vietnam, 1200-1500 //
-Annam related to China while Champa influenced by Indian Ocean trading -Annam and Champa paid tribute to Mongol until Yuan Empire’s fall (1368) -Annam regained independence from Ming troops -destroyed Champa’s independence -(1500) start of modern Vietnam =__ Conclusion __= -Mongols united lands in Europe and China -exchange in ideas, techniques and products -Chinese spread gunpowder and Muslim astronomy influenced China -Mongol’s instability -> Lithuanian, Serbian, and Ottoman states -encouragement in govt. centralization, military improvements, & cultural identity