Ch+14+Outline

Chapter 14: THE LATIN WEST, 1200-1500 =__ Rural Growth and Crisis __=

// Peasants and Population //
-(1200) most westerners were serfs -noble households had 15-30 peasant families for labor -(1100-1345) Europe’s pop. doubled (unknown reason) -new agricultural settlements but some land had poor soil -(1250) agricultural decline -**three-field system**­- a rotational system for agriculture which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. Replaced medieval Europe’s two-field system =__ The Black Death and Social Change __= -**Black Death**- an outbreak of bubonic plague (bacterial disease of fleas) that spread across Asia, N. Africa, and Europe in the mid-14th century, carrying vast numbers of persons -combination of anthrax (cattle and sheep’s disease spreading to humans) and bubonic plague -closed gates from infected and burned possessions of the victims as defense -(1400) population recovered to what it was in 1200 and rose higher by 1500 -peasant rebellions -(1358 in France) revolt called Jacquerie -(1381 in London) led by Wat Tyler to end serfdom and murdered Canterbury’s archbishop -serfdom gradually disappeared -employers raised wages -guilds reduced apprenticeship periods -economy decreased

// Mines and Mills //
-(1086) 5600 watermills in England -(after 1200) mills spread across Europe -profitable as powered by nature -**water wheels**- a mechanism that harnesses energy in flowing water to grind grain/ power machinery. Used in many parts of the world and common in Europe from 1200-1900 -dams provided steady flow of water -windmills common in dry lands (ex. Spain and N. Europe) -expansion of iron mining -new towns and older towns grew -canals and dams changed river flows -scarred countryside with mining and quarry pits -pollution occurred -(1388) English parliament passed antipollution law but couldn’t enforce it well -heavy deforestation =__ Urban Revival __=

// Trading Cities //
-long distance trading -Venetians conquered Crete and expanded trading colonies around Black Sea -(1271) Marco Polo (Venetian) traveled to Mongol court and returned to Venice (1295) -Venetians traded with Constantinople, Beirut, and Alexandria -**Hanseatic League**- (founded in 1241) economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in N. Germany. Most powerful in 14th century -trading fairs in Champagne region of Burgundy -currency exchange and regional markets -English converted wool into cloth before exporting

// Civic Life //
-residents in trading cities had social freedom -N. Italian and German cities were independent states -largest pop. of Jews in Spain -subjected to persecutions and expulsions -(1391) violent attacks on Jews in Spanish Castile kingdom -only Rome left Jews alone before 1500 -**guild**- in medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. Guilds were important in other societies, such as the Otttoman and Safvid empires -woman socially advanced by marriage -(15th century) merchant-backers specialized and operated in money changing, loans, and investments -Florence became center of banking services for checking accounts, shareholding companies, and bookkeeping -(15th century) Florence’s Medici family operated banks in Italy, Flanders, and London as well as controlled Florence government -(1500) Augsburg’s Fuggers was the most powerful family in W. Europe -Christian bankers had tactics to profit from loans to avoid Latin Church’s disapproval of charging interest -borrowers repaid with another currency in lender’s favorable rate

// Gothic Cathedrals //
-**Gothic cathedrals**- large churches originating in 12th century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses and large stain glassed windows -built by men w/ little or no formal education and limited mathematical understanding -some cathedrals collapsed due to miscalculations (ex. Beauvais Cathedral in 1284)

// Environment + Technology: The Clock //
-mechanical clocks built by Song-era Chinese -West= first part of the world where clocks became regular part of urban life -“clock” comes from word for bell -(1370-1380s) replaced older system of varying hour’s length in proportion to day’s length =__ Learning, Literature, and the Renaissance __= -**Renaissance**- a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a “rebirth” of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid 14-15th century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) from roughly the early 15-17th century

// Universities and Learning //
-Greek and Arabic scripts spread to Western areas and translated into Latin (ex. Plato and Aristotle, treatises) -(1200) religious orders, Dominicans and Franciscans, put more professors in independent colleges -**universities**- degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became model for modern universities -(1300-1500) 60 universities joined 20 existing institutions of higher learning -teaching guilds set standards for membership in profession, trained apprentices and masters, and defended professional interests -courses taught in Latin with variety of programs of study and particular specialties (ex. Bologna for law, Montpellier and Salerno for medicine, and Paris and Oxford in theology) -theology as “queen of the sciences” and central discipline for all knowledge -**scholasticism**- philosophical and theological system, associated w/ Thomas Aquinas (Domician priest who was a theologian professor at the University of Paris), devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the 13th century -upsetted traditional thinkers with Aristotelian principles -some churches tried to ban Aristotle -rivalry between Dominican and Franciscan theologian scholars

// Humanists and Printers //
-(1265-1321) Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy -influenced English poet Geoffrey Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” -Italian writers influenced by Greco-Roman classical themes and mythology -some wrote in vernacular languages instead of Latin -**humanists**- European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the 15th century and later -(mid 14th century) influenced by Dante in Florence -introduced curriculum focusing on Greco-Roman antiquity languages and literature -dominated Europe and Americas’ second education -(after 1500) influence spread to university education -tried to duplicate classical Latin/Greek styles or composed literary works in vernacular languages [ex. Boccaccio’s “Decameron” and “De mulieribus claris”/ “Famous Women” (first Western literary collection of women’s lives)] -tried to restore original texts of Greco-Roman writers and Bible -Pope Nicholas V (r. 1447-1455) created Vatican Library with Greco Roman scrolls and copies/translations -Erasmus of Rotterdam (Dutch, ca. 1466-1536) created Greek edition of New Testament -(1450) enhanced influence with new printing technology to increase text editions availability -(1450) 3 printing improvements -movable pieces of type w/ individual letters -suitable ink for printing on paper -**printing press**- a mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450 -Johann Gutenberg (ca. 1394-1468) of Mainz printed first book from movable type in West (Gutenberg Bible of 1454) -Aldo Manuzio worked with Erasmus and whose Venetian press published classical Latin and Greek editions -(1500) 10 million printed copies issued from presses in W. Europe -growing number gained access to texts

// Renaissance Artists //
-influenced by earlier artists, examples: -Florentine painter Giotto (ca. 1267- 1337) who revived “lost art of painting” with natural human portraits -Flemmish painter Jan van Eyck (ca. 1390-1441) mixed pigments with linseed oil -Leonardo da Vinci with “Mona Lisa”, bronze sculptures, “The Last Supper”, and biblical scenes on ceilings -wealthy classes promoted art in cities of N. Italy and Flanders )ex. Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464) spent money on art and grandson Lorenzo (“the Magnificent”, 1449-1492) -during restoration of Rome’s Latin Church, papcy had building program with constructing St. Peter’s Basilica and pope’s residence  -literary themes and artistic styles greatly influenced Western culture and were adopted by cultures around the world =__ Political and Military Transformation __=

// Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy //
-hereditary monarchs’ power limited by modest treasuries with rights possessed by others -top of political pyramid -below monarch were noblemen controlling estates and opinions were given during important matters of state -church was powerful w/in each state -towns had rights and privileges -towns in Flanders, the Hanseatic League, and Italy were almost independent from royal interference -vassals tried to limit monarch’s power and protect own rights and privileges -(1200) knights used in western European fighting forces -changes in weaponry included the humble arrow (in 1139, church council outlawed crossbow as too dangerous against Christians) and firearm (weakened feudal system) -(1302) Pope Boniface VII (r. 1294-1303) stated that divine law made papacy superior than everyone else -King Philip “the Fair” of France (r. 1285-1314) arrested pope and elected a French pope who created a new papal residence at Avignon in S. France (1309) -**Great Western Schism**- a division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378-1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon -papacy regained independence but pope couldn’t challenge monarch’s power -King Philip induced French noble council to grant him the right to collect a new tax -King Louis IX of France (r. 1226-1270) issued ordinances w/o nobles’ consent -(1200-1400) Anglo-Norman kings had Wales and controlled most of Ireland -King John (English, r. 1199-1216) acknowledge pope as overlord (1213), unable to reassert claims to Aquitaine in S. France (1214), and signed Magna Carta (“Great Charter”, 1215, affirmed monarchs were to obey established law, confirmed church and London, and guaranteed noble’s hereditary rights) -arranged marriages to increase vassals and monarchs’ lands and wealth -monarch increased own authority with war technology and created stable state boundaries while nobles retained their social position and vital political roles

// The Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 //
-**Hundred Years War**- (1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of France’s throne, involving English and French royal families and French noble families -conflict started with marriage alliance -marriage between Princess Isabella of France and King Edward II of England (r. 1307-1327) for Edward to be loyal to the French monarchy -Isabella’s son, King Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377) claimed throne but fought rights when French courts had given throne to a distant French cousin -Italian crossbowmen reinforced English longbow and English longbow defeated French force -heavier arm -firearms were more common in later stages of war -(1415) cannons first successfully used by French against English in Battle of Agincourt -(1429) Joan of Arc defeated English but burned at stake by English (1431) -final battles with French using cannon to destroy English and allies’ castles -(1453) war ended with truce and stable French monarchy

// New Monarchies in France and England //
-**new monarchies**- historians’ term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450-1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing w/in more or less fixed territorial limits -French monarchies tried to tame noble vassals’ independence especially women -Mary of Burgundy (1457-1482) and Anne of Brittany -(late 15th century) smaller mobile cannons built -armies depended more on bowmen, pikemen, musketeers, and artillery units paid by royal treasury instead of noble vassals’ knights -noble vassals encouraged by monarchs to make financial payments instead of serving in military or additional taxes -Charles VII of France (r. 1422-1461) imposed land tax on vassals to pay for war costs -> tax maintained royal treasury for next 350 years -church and taxes on merchants were other revenue sources -clergy often voluntarily helped in war -(1500) Parliament became permanent part of English govt. -House of Lords with nobles and English church officials -House of Commons represented towns and counties’ leading citizens -France had representative body for church, nobles, and the towns called the Estates General

// Iberian Unification //
-**reconquest**- beginning in the 11th century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. (1492) Last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms -(1085) Christian knights conquered Toledo -(1147) Atlantic port of Lisbon fell with English crusaders’ help -new capital of Portugal -(1212) Christian victory broke Muslim power in Iberia -Portuguese and Castilian forces captured Cordova (1236), Seville (1248), and drove Muslims from SW. corner of Iberia (aka Algarve, 1249) -left only Granada to Muslim power -(1415) Portuguese knights conquered Ceuta in Morocco and increased knowledge of trans-Saharan trade -(1469) marriage of Princess Isabella of Castile and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon unified kingdoms into Spain a decade later -(1492) conquered Granada and sponsored Christopher Columbus’ voyage -expelled Jews from kingdoms -(end of 1499-1501) Muslim revolt against conversion -(1493) Portugal started expelling Jews =__ Conclusion __= -demographic crisis to inefficient good production/distribution as population grew -demographic calamity with Black Death -art and architecture reached peaks, setting standards for future -Latin West used Eastern brought tools while challenging Eastern supremacy -pop. pressure, religious passion, economic motives, and intellectual curiosity expanded Latin West’s territory and resource