Ch+21+Guided+Reading

A.P. World History Guided Reading, Chapter 21 “Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World (1750 – 1850)”

Terms: 1. Ancient Regime 2. **The Enlightenment**- philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. Applied ideas of Scientific Revolution 3. **Encyclopedie** -Denis Diderot (France) created 35-volume encyclopedia 4. **The Social Contract (Jean-Jacques Rousseau**)- (1762) Jean-Jacques Rosseau (1712-1778) believed that people’s will were sacred and monarch’s legitimacy depended on the people 5. salons 6. **Sons of Liberty**- holding meetings, intimidating officials, and enforcing boycotts. Forced Stamp Act’s repeal 7. **Continental Congress**- (1777) Second Continental Congress sent Articles of Confederation for approval that was accepted by all states in 1781. Stated that there’d be a one house legislature with each state having single vote and the executive power given to committees that needed a majority of 9 votes in order to declare war, impose tax, and coining/borrowing money 8. **Common Sense (Thomas Paine)**- supports independence 9. Iroquois Confederacy 10. **First Estate**- (clergy) with 130,000 members. Catholic Church owned 10% of nation’s land and gained wealth from economy and were excused from tax. Hierarchy and hereditary nobles held upper positions 11. **Second Estate**- (nobles) with 300,000. Owned 30% of land and held majority of high political and religious positions. Involved in trading, banking, manufacturing, and mining. Hierarchy based on wealth, power, and outlook 12. **Third Estate**- everyone else with wealthy commoners controlling 1/3 of land 13. **Bourgeoisie**- middle class that grew rapidly 14. **Estates General**- France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility and commoners. The calling of the Estates General (1789) led to the French Revolution 15. **National Assembly**- French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the 3 estates came together and demanded radical change. 16. **Oath of the Tennis Court**- created when Third Estate were locked out of meeting area 17. **Legislative Assembly**- formerly called National Assembly.  Passed constitution limiting monarchial power and abolished nobility as a hereditary class. Banned monopolies and trade barriers w/in France, seized church lands as collateral for new paper currency, elected priests put on payroll, and (1791) declared war with Austria and Prussia, which ended in tie. 18. **National Convention**- formed by Assembly. Started in September 1793. Consists of the middle class, Jacobins, and Mountains. Oppressed militant feminist forces. 19. **Jacobins**-  radical republicans during the French Revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793-1794 20. “Girondists” 21. “The Mountain” 22. The Directory 23. **Gens de couleur**-  free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. Focused on ending race discrimination and having political equality with whites, but didn’t seek freedom for slaves (some were slave owners themselves).

Individuals / Peoples 24. **Denis Diderot**- creator of 35 volume French encyclopedia 25. **John Locke**- ( 1632-1704) argued that govt. had duty to protect life, liberty and property (natural rights). Believed people can rebel when monarch violated natural rights and that individual rights were foundation of civil government. 26. **Benjamin Franklin**- (1706-1790) American intellectual, inventor, and politician. Helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution. Created Philadelphia Free Library, the American Philosophical Society, and the University of Pennsylvania. (1754) Pennsylvania’s delegate to the Albany Congress. In 1776, he was the delegate to issue Declaration of Independence 27. **George Washington**- (1732-1799) military commander of the American Revolution. First elected president of US (1789-1799). Created civilian support networks for efficient Continental army 28. **Joseph Brant**- (1742-1807) Mohawk leader who supported Britain during American Revolution who had been educated by missionaries and involved in British aristocratic society. Joined loyalist exodus to Canada 29. **General Cornwallis**- surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia and ended war 30. James Madison 31. **Louis XVI**- (1774) gained throne. Recalled Parlement’s exiled members to try to increase popularity. Warned by financial advisor that government had little money to operate, but ignored warning and involved in American Revolution that made debt grow. 1787) called upon Assembly of Notables for reformation who failed and questioned king and ministers’ competency 32. Marie Antoinette 33. **Maximilien Robespierre**-   (1758-1794) young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended Reign of Terror. 34. **Napoleon Bonaparte**- (1769-1832) Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and renounced in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Created form of government called popular authoritarianism and organized Europe’s first popular dictatorship successfully with military reputation and promises of order. 35. **Francois Dominque Toussaint L’Ouverture**-  (1743-1803) leader of the Haitian Revolution. Freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French 36. Prince Klemens von Metternich

War / Events 37. War of Spanish Succession- (1701-1714) 38. **War of Austrian Succession**- ( 1740-1748) caused smuggling conflict between Britain and Spain (1739). Fees started French crisis; Louis XV (r. 1715-1774) imposed tax on nobility, but Parlement of Paris refused 39. **Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)-** deepened French’s debt. 40. American Revolution 41. The “Boston Massacre” 42. **Battle of Saratoga**- (late 1777) John Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga put Mohawk at risk. (1778) The defeat influenced French’s involvement as United States’ ally whom sent supplies and forced British to defend Caribbean colonies. 43. **Battle of Yorktown**- ended war with Cornwallis’ surrender 44. **Constitutional Convention**- meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of 13 original states to write Constitution of United States. George Washington elected as president and chief executive. Set executive, legislative, and judicial branches, division of authority between federal and state governments, and House of Representatives and the Senate 45. French Revolution 46. Fall of the Bastille 47. **The March to Versailles**-  market women organized a march to Versailles due to anger at high food prices who entered royal apartments, killed guards, and searched for Queen Marie Antoinette. They wanted they royal family to return to Paris 48. **The Reign of Terror**- (1793-1794) killed 40,000 people and imprisoned 300,000. Clergy forced to get married, and a new republic calendar made with 12 30-day months divided into 10-day weeks without Sunday 49. Battle of Trafalgar 50. Battle of Waterloo 51. Haitian Revolution 52. Congress of Vienna 53. Revolutions of 1848

Treaties and Legislation 54. **Proclamation of 1763**- created western limit for settlement 55. Quebec Act of 1774 56. **Stamp Act of 1765**- printed material to be paid with tax. Forced to be repealed by organizations like Sons of Liberty. 58. **Treaty of Paris (1783)-** grant colonies independence and boundaries. As exchange, United States repay prewar debts to British merchants and return properties to loyalist 59. **Declaration of the Rights of Man**- - (1789) statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. Similar to US Declaration of Independence. Opinions offered by Thomas Jefferson Focused on natural rights, freedom of expression, equality before the law, and a representative government 59. **Declaration of the Rights of Man**- - (1789) statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. Similar to US Declaration of Independence. Opinions offered by Thomas Jefferson Focused on natural rights, freedom of expression, equality before the law, and representative government 60. **Concordat of 1801**-  negotiations with Catholic Church with French Catholics practicing their religion while the French government nominates bishops and keeps priests on state payroll. 61. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">**Civil Code of 1804**- <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> women were denied of basic political rights and could only participate in economy under supervision or guidance of males. Limited free speech and expression and banned criticism towards the government. Code’s success depended on French arms and diplomacy 62. Corn Laws

Questions to Outline: 1. What were the effects of the continental and colonial wars of the 1700s? -financial debt of French and Britain -independence of colonies -influenced future documents about natural rights 2. List at least 10 characteristics of the Enlightenment. 3. List 5 characteristics of the Enlightened Monarchs such as Catherine the Great, Joseph II and Frederick the Great. 4. What political and cultural activities of the European folk cultures of the 1700s – at least 5. 5. List the causes of the American Revolution. 6. Over what issues was debate focused at the Continental Convention? 7. List the 5 major causes of the French Revolution. 8. What were the characteristics of the Reign of Terror? 9. What happened on Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 and what were the results? 10. What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?