Chapter+17+Guided+Reading

 Terms: 1. The Columbian Exchange - Exchange of, peoples, plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world after Columbus' voyages. (European invasion and settlement of Western Hemisphere; native/indigenous peoples had no resistance to old world disease, which caused devastation) 2. The Council of the Indies- Institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to early 18th century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities (Geography limited the Council's real power because a ship needed more than 200 days to make a roundtrip voyage from Spain to Veracruz) 3. Encomienda - A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. Provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by Amerindians. Obliged grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians (forced labor in Spanish colonies where Amerindian peoples were divided among settlers and were forced to provide them with labor or textiles, food, or other goods) 4. Mita - Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations; one-seventh adult male Amerindians were compelled to work for six months each year in mines, farms, or textile factories. 5. Hidalgos - Lesser nobles; considered the "merchants, artisans, miners, priests, and lawyers" 6. creoles - In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European decent born in the New World. Elsewhere, term used to describe all non-native people 7. encomenderos - Conquistadors and early settlers who received from the Crown grants of labor and tribute goods; sought to create a hereditary social and political class comparable to the nobles of Europe) 8. mestizos - Term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent 9. mulattos - Term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent 10. castas - All mixed descent groups in spanish America (mestizos and mulattos; dominated small-scale retailing and construction trades in cities; many were ranchers and farmers; whenever possible, lived the life of Europeans in their residence, dress, and diet) 11. Virginia Company - Privately funded group by London investors, took up the challenge of colonizing Virginia in 1606, settling at Jamestown a year later with 144 settlers; disbanded and relived of commitment to Jamestown due to unhealthy environment and mismanagement. 12. Indentured servants - Migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from 4 to 7 years 13. House of Burgesses - Elected assembly in colonial Virginia; created in 1618 14. Indigo - Plantations near Charleston: plant that produced blue dye 15. Dutch West India Company - Trading company chartered by Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Indies 16. Coureurs de bois - (runner of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage who lived among and often married Amerindian peoples of North America 17. metis - Wives and children o the coureurs de bois

Individuals / Peoples: 18. Bartolome de Las Casas - Most influential defender of the Amerindians in the early colonial period; he gave up his ways (for he used to live off forced labor of Amerindians) and entered Dominican Order, becoming first bishop of Chiapas 19. Sir Humphrey Gilbert - First attempt to gain a foothold in the Americas; effort in 1583 to establish colony in Newfoundland, off the coast of Canada, quickly failed 20. Sir Walter Raleigh - Sir Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother; organized private financing for a new colonization scheme after Gilbert's death in 1584. a year later 108 men tried to settle Roanoke Island, off the coast of present-day North Carolina. 21. Pilgrims - Protestant dissenters; came first of 2 groups, wished to break off completely from the church 22. Puritans - Protestant dissenters; came after the pilgrims; wished to "purify" the Church of England of its impurities; wanted to abolish hierarchy of bishops and priests 23. Quakers - Persecuted religious minority 24. William Penn - Secured enormous grant of territory because the English king was in debt to his father; led colony to remarkable success, growing to over 21,000 people, the largest population in the British colonies; emphasized negotiation rather than warfare with surrounding Amerindians and other native peoples 25. Tupac Amaru II - Educated by the Jesuits; well connected in Spanish colonial society; actively involved in trade with silver mines at Potosi.

Kingdoms / Empires / Colonies: 26. Viceroyalty of New Spain - Highest ranking officials in the colonies; created in 1535, included Mexico (capital), the southeast of current US, Central America, and islands of the Caribbean (Most of the officials appointed to high positions in Spain's colonial bureaucracy were born in Spain, but mismanagement in Spain forece the Crown o sell appointments to these positions. 27. Viceroyalty of Peru - Highest ranking officials in the colonies; created in 1540s, included Lima (capital) to govern Spanish South America 28. Roanoke Colony - first attempt to gain a foothold in the Americas by Sir Walter Raleigh; they had poor leadership, were undersupplied, and threatened by Amerindian groups, which led them to abandon the settlement within a year 29. Plymouth Colony - Colony of Pilgrims who wished to seize the opportunity to break away from the church and pursue their spiritual ends; eventually failed because the new immigrants did not share the same views as the founders. 30. Massachusetts Bay Colony - colony of puritans who absorbed the Plymouth colony into its own 31. Iroquois Confederation - Alliance among the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca peoples, and with other native peoples that gave them access to the rich fur trade of Canada 32. New France - Colony founded by Samuel de Champlain on the banks of St. Lawrence River in 1608; fur trade, but compelled French to choose side between region's ongoing warfare.

Legislation / Governmental Acts: 33. New Laws of 1542 - Enacted by Bartolome de Las Casas; reform that outlawed the enslavement of Amerindians and limited other forms of forced labor

Wars / Uprisings: 34. Stono Rebellion of 1739 - Largest slave uprising; a group of about 20 slaves seized firearms, who were African Catholics who sought to flee south, had a hundred slaves from nearby plantations join them; the colonial militia soon defeated the rebells and executed many of them, but the rebellion still shocked slave owners throughout England's southern colonies and let to greater repression 35. French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) - 1756-1763; sparked by conflicts between France and England; won by England, making French colonies to give up land to the English and Spanish

Questions to Outline: 1. What three themes does the story of the Red Shoes highlight? 2. Identify the diseases that inflicted the Amerindians and then identify the consequences these diseases caused. 3. List the plants and animals that were brought from Europe to the Americas and the American plants and animals that reached Europe during the Columbian Exchange. 4. Compare and contrast the social and political organization of the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English New World colonies by creating a chart. 5. What were the characteristics of slavery in the New World (at least 10).