Ch+21+Outline

Chapter 21: REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1750-1850 =__Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis__=

//Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises//
-(early 1600s) rivalry between European powers -Netherlands invaded Spain and Portugal’s colonies in America and Asia -Dutch assaulted Spanish fleets and conquered parts of Portugal’s Brazil and Angola -(17th century end) British ended Dutch slave trade monopoly -(1701-1714) War of the Spanish Succession -smuggling conflict between Britain and Spain (1739) led to War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) -French and Indian War led to Seven Years War (1756-1763) -Britain reached financial debt

//The Enlightenment and the Old Order//
-**Enlightenment**- philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics -applied ideas of Scientific Revolution -Carolus Linnaeus founded taxonomy -Samuel Johnson created English dictionary -Denis Diderot (France) created 35-volume encyclopedia -(1690) John Locke (1632-1704) argued that govt. had duty to protect life, liberty and property (natural rights) -people can rebel when monarch violated natural rights -individual rights were foundation of civil govt. -Jean-Jacques Rosseau (1712-1778) believed that people’s will were sacred and monarch’s legitimacy deepened on the people -(1762) The Social Contract -attacked church due to ban of books and censoring ideas -Voltaire supported Qing emperors and saw European monarchs as agents of political and economic reform -some monarchs (Charles III of Spain, Catherine the great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, and Frederick the Great of Prussia) supported Enlightenment -monarchs united to achieve goals of civil servants working in national bureaucracies based on merit, creation of national legal systems, and tax systems’ modernization -vast communication of ideas prevented bans and suppressions -patronages and enhanced intellectual reputations brought by censorship -woman discussing ideas at home -writers and commentators to argue for women rights -influential to expanding middle class -**Benjamin Franklin**- (1706-1790) American intellectual, inventor, and politician. Helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution -created Philadelphia Free Library, the American Philosophical Society, and the University of Pennsylvania -(1754) Pennsylvania’s delegate to the Albany Congress -(1176) delegate to issue Declaration of Independence -rejection to colonialism and monarchs attempted to reform colonial policies -Counter Enlightenment influential to France and Catholic nations -faith was important to human happiness and social well-being -rejected change and utopianism -laid roots for conservatism and popular antidemocratic movements

//Folk Culture and Popular Protest//
-obligations between people and local loyalties -connected people and rulers -(18th century) monarchs reformed tax collection, judicial practice, and public administration to increase authority and power -common people saw it as violation of traditions and broke into riots -“Long live the King. Death to bad government.” (Spanish) -loyal to king but against changing old customs - reformers banned and altered cultural traditions to bring order and discipline -traditions were seen as corrupt and decadent -commoners against changes -revolutionary conflicts and protests somewhat brought by efforts of common people’s resistance towards changes in govt. power and culture

//Frontiers and Taxes//
-(1763, after defeat of French) British faced problems -likelihood of renewed conflict and rising military expenses -debt from French and Indian War led to pressure for heavier taxes for colonists -limit settle­­­r pressure on Amerindian land -British reduced fur prices -Amerindians hunted more and harmed environment -(Seven Years War’s end) Pontiac led native people against British from western outposts and raided Virginia and Pennsylvania (failed) -Proclamation of 1763 to create western limit for settlement -(1774) British conquered and gave western territory to Quebec -denies eastern colonies power to distribute additional lands -colonial paper money became outlawed -anger led to boycott of British goods -new commercial policies led to increased cost in molasses and endangered New England’s trade with Spanish and French Caribbean sugar colonies -Stamp Act of 1765 for printed material to be paid with tax -organizations (Sons of Liberty) holding meetings, intimidating officials, and enforcing boycotts -force Stamp Act’s repeal -(March 5, 1770) Boston Massacre -Parliament granted tea import monopoly to British East India Company and taxed coloni -Boston Tea Party

//The Course of Revolution, 1775-1783//
-**George Washington**- (1732-1799) military commander of the American Revolution. First elected president of US (1789-1799) -created civilian support networks for efficient Continental army -Thomas Paine’s Common Sense for support of independence -(July 4, 1776) Declaration of Independence approved -(1778) British allied with German and sent force to pacify colonies -unable to control countryside -British had Mohawk as allies -**Joseph Brant**- (1742-1807) Mohawk leader who supported Britain during American Revolution -educated by missionaries and involved in British aristocratic society -joined loyalist exodus to Canada -(late 1777) John Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga put Mohawk at risk -(1778) defeat influenced French’s involvement as United States’ ally -sent supplies and forced British to defend Caribbean colonies -General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia and ended war -(1780) Treaty of Paris to grant colonies independence and generous boundaries -as exchange, United States repay prewar debts to British merchants and return properties to loyalist

//The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800//
-states drafted formal charters and allowed voters to ratify -bill of rights for protection against government -influenced European’s politics -(1777) Second Continental Congress sent Articles of Confederation for approval -(1781) accepted by all states -one house legislature with each state having single vote -executive power given to committees -needs 9 votes in order to declare war, impose tax, and coining/borrowing money -(September 1786) meeting in Virginia to deal with trade issues and Philadelphia ) nine months later) -rebellion in western Massachusetts cause rise of urgency -**Constitutional Convention**- meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of 13 original states to write Constitution of United States -George Washington elected as president and chief executive -executive, legislative, and judicial branches -division of authority between federal and state governments -House of Representatives and the Senate -slave states counted 3/5 of slave population as vote -S. delegates got 20-year slave trade continuation to 1808 -clause enforced slave runaways to be returned -women denied political rights regardless of former help in Revolution -(until 1807) woman and African-Americans meeting property requirements were allowed to vote

=__French Revolution__=

//French Society and Fiscal Crisis//
-society divided into three groups -First Estate (clergy) with 130,000 members -Catholic Church owned 10% of nation’s land and gained wealth from economy -excused from tax -hierarchy and hereditary nobles held upper positions -Second Estate (nobles) with 300,000 -owned 30% of land -held majority of high political and religious positions -involved in trading, banking, manufacturing, and mining -hierarchy with wealth, power, and outlook -Third Estate (everyone else) -bourgeoisie (middle class) growing rapidly -wealthy commoners controlled 1/3 of land -peasants were 80% of population -commoners able to hold property and lived decently during good economical times -(1780) economy declined and led to increased cost of living -young children forced to seek seasonal work away from home -crime and beggary increased -bad living conditions and diets -(French Revolution’s eve) +40,000 children given up with majority dying of neglect -protests and rages erupted -bread prices that determined life’s quality increased -War of Autrian Succession fees started crisis -Louis XV (r. 1715-1774) imposed tax on nobility -Parlement of Paris refused -debts deepened with Seven Years War -(1768) Parliament figures exiled -(1774) Louis XVI gained throne -recalled Parlement’s exiled members to try to increase popularity -warned by finiancial advisor that government had little money to operate -ignored warning and involved in American Revolution that made debt grow -(1787) called upon Assembly of Notables for reformation -failed and questioned king and ministers’ competency

//Protest Turns to Revolution, 1789-1792//
-**Estates General**- France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility and commoners. The calling of the Estates General (1789) led to the French Revolution -Third Estates wanted all estates to be put into one body -**National Assembly**- French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the 3 estates came together and demanded radical change. -Oath of Tennis Court created when Third Estate were locked out of meeting area -people were soverneign and legitimancy of political institutions and individual rulers depened on their carrying out the people’s view

-violence followed after Louis moved military forces to Versailles -(July 14, 1789) Bastille attack with death of commander and attackers parading heads on pikes -commoners refused to pay tax and dues and seized common lands -documents with traditional obligations destroyed -**Declaration of the Rights of Man**- (1789) statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution -similar to US Declaration of Independence -opinions offered by Thomas Jefferson -natural rights  -freedom of expression, equality before the law, and representative government -(October 5) market women organized march to Versailles due to anger at high food prices -entered royal apartments, killed guards, and searched for Queen Marie Antoinette -wanted royal family to return to Paris -National Assembly (later known as Legislative Assembly) passed constitution limiting monarchial power and abolished nobility as a hereditary class -banned monopolies and trade barriers w/in France -seized church lands as collateral for new paper currency -elected priests put on payroll -(1791) declared war with Austria and Prussia -(end) tied with foreign forces

// The Terror, 1793-1794 //
-(August 10,1792) crowd marched to invade king’s Parisian palace and forced him to seek protection in Legislative Assembly -king suspended and imprisoned -Assembly formed new National Convention to be elected by men’s votes -(September 1792) mobs killed prisoners -Louis XIV convicted of treason and sentenced to death (died in January 1793) -France became republic -(September 1793) National Convention started -middle class members, Jacobins, and Mountains (highest) -oppressed militant feminist forces -**Jacobins**- radical republicans during the French Revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793-1794 -**Maximilien Robespierre**- (1758-1794) young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended Reign of Terror. -executive power given to Committee of Public Safety -created courts to seek and punish domestic enemies -Reign of Terror (1793-1794) killed 40,000 people and imprisoned 300,000 -clergy forced to get married -new republic calendar with 12 30-day months divided into 10-day weeks without Sunday -(July 27, 1794) Robespierre arrested and executed along with allies in guillotine

// Reaction and Dictatorship, 1795-1815 //
-Convention undo reforms -removed controls that held down prices and protected working class -removed toleration for violent popular demonstrations -used military force to oppress protests -returned Catholic Church’s influence but not wealth -ratified conservative constitution -protected property, created voting process reducing masses’ power, and created new executive authority (Directory) that failed to solve domestic economic problems or end foreign wars -**Napoleon Bonaparte**- (1769-1832) Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and renounced in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile -created form of government called popular authoritarianism -organized Europe’s first popular dictatorship successfully with military reputation and promises of order -Concordat of 1801- negotiations with Catholic Church -French Catholics can practice their religion -French government nominates bishops and keeps priests on state payroll -Napoleonic Civil Code -women were denied basic political rights and participate in economy under supervision or guidance of males -limited free speech and expression -criticism of government were banned -success depended on French arms and diplomacy -(late 1805) Napoleon unable to invade Britain when British navy defeated the French and allied Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar -invaded Portugal (1807) and Spain (1808) -(June 1812) largest campaign with 600,000 men to Moscow -forced to retreat and defeated with only 30,000 men surviving -(April 1814) Napoleon abdicated thrown and exiled to Elba -returned to France the next year -defeated at Waterloo, Belgium after 100 days of power -exiled in St. Helena in S. Atlantic and died in 1821 =__ Revolution Spreads to Conservatives Respond, 1789-1850 __=

// The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804 //
-(1789) French colony of St. Domingue was richest European colony in Americas -cotton, sugar, indigo, and coffee plantations -generated 1/3 of all French foreign trade -depended on slave regime -(1790) majority of 500,000 slaves were African-born -**gens de couleur**- free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution -focused on ending race discrimination and having political equality with whites -didn’t seek freedom for slaves (some were slave owners themselves) -Vincent Oge- leader of the genes de couleur mission to France -(1790) captured and executed by planters after returning to Saint Domingue -(1791) open warfare between whites and gens de couleur -inspired spread of slave rebellion -plantations destroyed, murders, and crops burned -**Francois Dominique Toussiant L’Ouverture**- (1743-1803) leader of the Haitian Revolution. Freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French 