12-13+Study+Guide

1. horseback, arrows, stirrups, nomads;their cross bows shot farther than enemy bows, taking care of enemy archers and then switched to sword fighting when in close range 2. wives or mothers of mongol rulers traditionally managed state affairs during the interregnum between a ruler's death and the selection of a successor. Women in prestigious families could wield power in negotiation and management but they risked assassination or execution 3. resulting travel literature - stories of fantastic wealth stimulated a European ambition to find easier routes to Asia 4.Golden Horde swore to avenge the murder of Abbasid caliph. also abhorred mongols worshiped idols, shamanism, and Mongol law specified slaughtering animals without spilling blood. 5.a historian;the literary figure who noted Genghis Khan's deathbed speech. His writings resulted in the first comprehensive narrative of the rise of the Mongols under Genghis Khan. 6. Shi'ite scholar who wrote about the history of the world 7. to the facilities that the mongols control, they granted privileges to the Orthodox church. 8. 9.constantinople 10. 11.Great khan Ogodei planed to turn North China's plains into a pasture for livestock. Chinese suffered in the early years, but received great benefits: secure routes of transport and communication, along with the exchange of experts and advisors between eastern and western Eurasia, allowing for the transmission of information, ideas, and skills 12. 13.Ming 14. Zheng He visited long established Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia in order to cement their allegiance to the Ming Empire and to collect taxes. They resisted, He slaughtered the men to set an example. By pursuing commercial relations with the Middle East and possibly Africa, also publicized Yongles reversal of Hongwu's opposition to foreign trade. 15. junks, which are large ocean going vessels with water tight compartments the compass 16. fearing that technological secrets would fall into enemy hands, the government of the ming dynasty censored chapters about gunpowder and guns in early ming encyclopedias. 17.Novels, written by Luo Guanzhong ( 1 of the authors) 18. Farmers expanded the civilization of cash crops. Cotton, the primary crop. 19.Having secured Korea, Mongols looked toward Japan. 20. Annam is considered to be an ancestor of modern Vietnam. vietnam and Annam share the same ideas on women and their right to own property,and descision making in the villages. They both had simlilar legal codes. 21. young Muslim scholar from Morocco who had set out to explore the Islamic world. He’s completed a pilgrimage to Mecca and traveled throughout the Middle East. He became the most widely traveled man of his times so the journals he wrote about his travels provide valuable information about these lands. 22. A gigantic high pressure over the Himalaya range creates a wet season of high pressure in areas such as southeast asia, west-central Africa, coastal West Africa, and much of india. The wet season is essential to agriculture and provides a large water source. persistent seasonal strong winds that bring heavy rainfall and flooding. 23. people found it preferable to rely primarily on wild food from hunting, fishing, and gathering. fishing was common along all major lakes, rivers, and oceans. Boating skills of fishermen led them to engage in ocean trade. Tending herds of domesticated animals was common in areas too dry/arid for agriculture. pastoralists consumed milk from their herds & traded hides and meat to neighboring farmers for grain and veggies. farmers in drier areas grew grains like wheat and millet … and legumes like peas. Bantu-speaking farmers introduced grains and tubers from West Africa; bananas brought by the mariners from southeast asia; yams and cocoyams of Asian origins spread across Africa; Asian cattle breeds grazed through Africa, and coffee became common drink. 24. People mined and refined metal-rich ores, which skilled metalworkers turned into tools, weapons, and decorative objects. More valuable metals like copper and gold were important in long-distance trade. Iron was most abundant and useful. There were iron hoes, axes, and knives for farming and opening up rain forests. also iron-tipped spears and arrows for hunting. needles for clothes and leather goods, nails to hold timber, swords. The refined metal of copper was cast into large X-shaped ingots (metal castings) which were made into wire and decorative objects. They were also used as currency and made into “lost-wax” masterpieces. Gold was found in bodies of water and people panned for gold. Gold was used for jewelry and temple decoration. 25. Mali was founded by an indigenous African dynasty that had earlier adopted Islam through the peaceful influence of Muslim merchants and scholars. In contrast, the Delhi Sultanate was founded and ruled by invading Turkish and Afghan Muslims. Mali’s wealth depended heavily on its participation in the trans-Saharan trade, but long-distance trade played only a minor role in Delhi. --- . The first sub-Saharan African ruler to adopt the new faith was in Takrur around 1030. Takrur was first under King Sumanguru until defeated by the Malinke people. Malinke epic sagas recall their battles as the clash of two powerful magicians. Mali depended on a well-developed agricultural base and control of the lucrative regional and trans-Saharan trade routes. Mali fell apart two centuries after Sundiata founded the empire because Mansa’s successors proved to be less able rulers and rebellions broke out. 26. The usual pattern for the spread of Islam south of the Sahara was through gradual and peaceful conversion. The expansion of commercial contacts in the western Sudan and on the East African coast greatly promoted the process of conversion. African converted found the teachings of Islam meaningful and it suited the interests of ruler/merchants as well. 27. Ruler Mansa Kankan Musa was on a pilgrimage to Mecca to fulfill his personal duty as a Muslim, which game him an opportunity to display Mali’s exceptional wealth. There was his senior wife and 500 of her ladies in waiting and their slaves, 60,000 porters, and a vast caravan of camels carrying supplies and provisions. He took with him 80 packages of gold and all 500 of his slaves carried a golden staff. After returning, Mansa Musa promoted religious and cultural influence of Islam in his empire. He built new mosques and opened Quranic schools. 28. In the last decades of the twelfth century, a new Turkish dynasty mounted a furious assault that succeeded in capturing the important northern Indian cities of Lahore and Delhi. The invaders’ strength was bolstered by a ready supply of Turkish adventurers from Central Asia eager to follow individual leaders and by the unifying force of their common religious faith. The Indians fought back but were unable to present an effective united front. 29. Sultan Iltutmish united the conquest of northern India in a series of military expeditions that made his empire the largest state in India. He also secured official recognition of the Delhi Sultanate as a Muslim state by the caliph of Baghdad. Raziya is Iltutmish’s beloved and talented daughter that was his heir to the throne because he saw that his sons were not capable of ruling. She was a great leader but because she was not “born of the right sex,” people disliked her and she ended up being killed. 30. Turkish rulers relied on terror more than toleration to keep their subjects submissive, on harsh military reprisals to put down rebellion, and on pillage and high taxes to sustain the ruling elite in luxury and power. Eventually, north India was in rebellion and the Delhi’s central authority weakened so the Turko-Mongol leader Timur invaded and captured the city of Delhi. The Delhi Sultanate never recovered. The DS was important in the development of centralized political authority in India. 32. The Indian Ocean trade was divided into two legs: one from the Middle East across the Arabian Sea to India, and the other from India across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia. 33. Aden was ideal for two reasons...1) monsoon winds brought Aden plenty of rainfall, enough to supply drinking water to a large population and to grow grain for export. 2) Its location made it a convenient stopover for trade with India, the Persian Gulf,, East Africa, and Egypt. 34. The center of Malacca was located at the narrowest section of the Strait of Malacca and turned out to be a giant trade center. Nearly 840 different languages were spoken by merchants there. The center served as a meeting point for traders from India and China. 35. African Muslims strikingly rendered Middle Eastern mosque designs in local building materials: sun-baked clay and wood in the western Sudan, coral stone on he Swahili Coast. Hindu temple architecture influenced the design of mosques, which sometimes incorporated pieces of older structures. They were assembled out of pillars, porches, and arches from temples. Mosques, churches, and temples were centers of education as well as prayer. Muslims promoted literacy among their sons and sometimes daughters so they could read the religion’s classic texts. 36. The state of Gujarat in western India prospered as its ports shared in the expanding trade of the Arabian Sea and the rise of the Delhi Sultanate. Gujarat was blessed with rich agricultural hinterland and a long coastline, which attracted new trade after the Mongol capture. The state derived much of its wealth from its export of cotton textiles and indigo to the Middle East and Europe, largely in return for gold and silver. It was also important for its manufactures as well as it commerce. Malacca’s wealth and its cosmopolitan residents set the standard for luxury in Malaya for centuries to come. Malacca served as the meeting point for traders from India and China trading gold, cloves, nutmeg, etc. 37. Some free women found their status improved by becoming part of a Muslim household, while many others were forced to become servants and concubines. Women were often punished by lighter penalties than men for offenses against law and custom. 38. Arabic served primarily for religious purposes, while Persian became the language of high culture and was used at court. Eventually, Urdu arose, a Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters. 39. Gold attracted the arrival of Arab and Iranian merchants to Kilwa. The gold was exported through a city called Great Zimbabwe. Local African craftsmen built stone structures for GZ’s rulers, priests, and wealthy citizens. Mixed farming and cattle-herding was Great Zimbabwe’s economic base but the state’s wealth came from long-distance trade. Trade began with copper ingots and gold exports brought Zimbabwe to the peak of its political and economic power. 40. precious metals and jewels, rare spices, fine textiles, other manufactures … larger ships: cotton textiles, pepper, food grains, timber, horses, other profitable goods