Chapter+16+Outline

CHAPTER 16 -**Renaissance**- a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a “rebirth” of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid 14th century to mid 15th century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from about early 15th-early 17th century

// Religious Formation //
-**papacy**- central govt. of Latin Christianity -(1500) corruption and dissent -large donations and tax receipts let popes construct projects in Rome (St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome) -Pope Leo X- member of wealthy Medici family of Florence -**indulgence**- a forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by church authorities as a reward for a pious act such as pilgrimage, prayer, or donation -Martin Luthor objected to indulgence and wrote to Pope Leo to stop -(1519) debate led Luther into open disagreement with doctrine and condemned by papacy -**Protestant Reformation**- religious reform movement w/in the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519, resulting in the protesters forming new Christian denominations (Lutheran and Reformed Churches/ Church of England) -Luther believed only way through salvation was through faith in Christ and belief should be based of Bible or in Christian tradition -John Calvin (1509- 1564) published synthesis of Christian teachings (1535) -human faith can’t gain salvation, God gives it as a gift -Calvinist elected own committees and councils to regulate doctrinal issues -simplicity in dress, life, and worship -**Catholic Reformation**- religious reform movement w/in the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to Protestant Reformation. Clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline

// Traditional Thinking and Witch-Hunts //
-**witch-hunts**-the pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late 16th and 17th centuries -blend of 2 traditions: folklore and spirits from Pre-Christian time and biblical teachings of Christian and Jewish scriptures -Europeans believed natural events had supernatural causes -authorities tried people (3/4 were women) for practicing witchcraft

// The Scientific Revolution //
-Renaissance recovered ancient manuscripts Aristotle’s four elements: -heavy elements on earth’s surface: water and earth -light elements in atmosphere: air and fire -**Scientific Revolution**- the intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the 17th century had laid the groundwork for modern science -Nicholas Copernicus (1473- 1543, Polish)- sun was center of things (heliocentric theory) -Tycho Brahe (1546-1601, Danish) and assistant Johannes Kepler (1571-1630, German)- planets moved in elliptical orbits -Galilileo Galilei (1564-1642, Italian) built telescope magnifying 30 times than naked eye (1609) and observed moons -(1616) Galileo’s The Starry Messenger was put on Index of Forbidden Books and prohibition of publishing further on the subjects by some Jesuits and critics hurt by his comments -Robert Boyle (1627-1691, English) used experimental methods and trial and error method to observe chemistry -Issac Newton (1642-1727, English mathematician inspired by Galileo)- force of gravity governing elliptical orbits of heavenly boy -(1703 to death) served as president of Royal Society

// The Early Enlightenment //
-**Enlightenment**- a philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics -Voltair (1694-1778, French thinker)- “No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for” -Matteo Ricci compared China’s peacefulness to West’s warfare -(1750) Europe was not enlightened or scientific -political/religious divisions, growing literacy, and printing press to preserve ideas =__ Social and Economic Life __=

// The Bourgeoisie //
-**bourgeoisie**- in early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce and allied professions -long hours working and gave profits back to businesses or new ventures but were very wealthy and had luxury goods from faraway lands -Dutch textile industry0 weaving, finishing, and printing of cloth/ spinning to low-paid workers -Holland- W.Indian sugar, brew beer from Baltic grain, cut Virginia tobacco, and Chinese ceramic imitation/ published books in many languages -Amsterdam= Holland’s largest city and Europe’s major port/ financial center -Dutch ships carried +80% of trade between Spain and N. Europe (conducted +1/2 of oceangoing commercial ships in 17th century) -fluit- “flyboat; large-capacity cargo ship (1590s) -Dutch’s merchant ship, “East Indiaman” helped Dutch become superior in Indian Ocean -Dutch excelled in map-making -Jewish communities extended from e. Europe into German states -**joint-stock companies-** a business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors -Dutch East and West India Companies monopolized trade to East and West Indies -**stock exchanges-** a place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold -(founded in 1530) Amsterdam Exchange- greatest stock market of 17th-18th century -large insurance companies emerged and became practical after 1700 -Dutch built canals for transport and draining for agriculture -(built during 1661-1682, France) Canal du Midi linking Atlantic and the Mediterranean -(after 1650) Dutch competed with England -English merchant fleet doubled (1660-1700) and foreign trade rose 50% -**gentry**- class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy

// Peasants and Laborers //
-large estates raising grain in E. Europe led to serfdom -decline of slavery due to shipping nearly all African slaves to Americas after 1600s -European agriculture innovations declinded after 1300- famine and small surplus -**Little Ice Age**- a century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Ill effects in N. European agriculture -(1700)- America’s crops helped poor avoid starvation -potatoes in N.E and C. Europe and Ireland -Italian peasants ate maize -lands were wheat exporters but could not afford it -Paris consumed 100,000 barrels of wine per year by 17th century’s end -(1750) breweries brewed 23 million quarts of beer for local -**deforestation-** removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves -high price of wood and carcoal-> coal as alternative fuel -laws in France and England to protect forests to keep naval vessels -poverty: women forced into prostitution and criminals -(1525) peasant rebels in Alps attack representatives of privileged and landowning classes -(1590-1715) 450 rebellions in France

// Women and the Family //
-class and wealth defined woman’s position more than sex -early modern Europe- young men and women chose own spouses -privileged families often had controlled marriage plans -Europeans married later -men served long apprenticeship and women had to save money for dowry -1/10 of births in a city were by unmarried women who would abandon their baby -frequent rape and public brothels -bourgeois parents promoted municipal schools providing solid education -legal trains was useful for business or obtaining govt. positions -wives often helped as bookkeepers or inherited businesses -most schools barred female students -(late 1600s) wealthy French women ran intellectual gatherings in homes )Maria Celeste Galilei) =__ Political Innovations __= -**Holy Roman Empire**- loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962-1806 -(1519) Charles V chosen as new emperor by Holy Roman Empire -German princes opposed his defense of Catholic doctrine in the imperial assembly -(1546) gave up efforts at unification, gave possessions to heirs, and retired to a monastery -**Habsburg**- a powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro Hungarian) Empire and ruled 16th and 17th century Spain -Peace of Augsburg (1555)- Charles V recognized princes’ right to choose whether Catholicism/ Lutheranism would be dominant religion, and he allowed them to keep church lands seized before (1552)

// Religious Policies //
-King Phillip II of Spain used the Spanish Inquisition to punish those who resisted his authority -Henry VIII failed to obtain divorce with Catherine of Aragon, challenged Lutheran papacy’s authority -(1533) had English archbishop of Canterbury annul marriage -(1534) monarch= head of Church of England -disband monasteries/convents to seize land to give to allies or sold it

// Monarchies in England and France //
-King Charles I of England ruled for 11 years w/o help of Parliament -raised funds by force loans from wealthy subjects and applying tax laws broadly -1640 Scotland rebellion forced him to summon Parliament to approve new taxes -**English Civil War**- a conflict over royal vs. Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I’s arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending w/ his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and w/ the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy -(1688) James II exiled by Parliament in Glorious Revolution -Bill of Rights of 1689- Parliament had to be called frequently and consent to changes in laws and raising army -**Versailles-**huge palace built for French King Louis XIV s. of Paris in town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preeminence of French power and architecture in Europe and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility