Chapter+15+The+Maritime+Revolution+Guided+Reading

Terms: 1. “treasure ship” – large Chinese junks each about 300 feet long by 150 feet wide. Each had nine masts, twelve sails, many decks, and a carrying capacity of 3000 tons. They carried rich silks, precious metals, and other valuable goods intended as gifts for distant rulers. 2. caravel – A new vessel created by Portuguese mariners that were small, only one-fifth the size of the largest European ships of their day and of the large Chinese junks. Their size permitted them to enter shallow coastal waters and explore upriver, but they were strong enough to weather ocean storms. Equipped with lateen sails, they have great maneuverability and could sail deeply into the wind. With square Atlantic sails, they had great speed. They were the best ships that sailed the seas. 3. Order of Christ – A military religious order of which Prince Henry was governor. It had inherited the properties and crusading traditions of the Order of Knights Templar, which had disbanded in 1314. The Order of Christ received the exclusive right to promote Christianity in all the lands that were discovered. 4. Cruzado – (crusade) A new gold coin that was the result of the abundant African gold that was coming back to the kingdoms of Portugal 5. “Indians” 6. entrepôt – A place where goods are transferred from one means of transportation to another. 7. conquistadors – conquerors. Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Hernan Coretes)

Places: 8. Melanesia 9. Polynesia – Sometime before the Common Era, a new wave of expansion from the area of Fiji brought the first humans to the islands of the central Pacific known as Polynesia. 10. Madagascar 11. Iberia 12. Ceuta – This city was attacked by the Portuguese because Muslim government in Morocco in northwestern Africa showed weakness in the 15th century. (city captured by Portuguese) Attack led by young Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator) 13. Gold Coast – Explored by Lisbon merchant Fernao Gomes. Later became the headquarters of Portugal’s West African trade. 14. Malabar Coast 15. Goa 16. Macao

Empires / Kingdoms: 17. Kingdom of Castile 18. Kingdom of Aragon 19. Kingdom of Granada 20. Kingdom of Benin 21. Kingdom of Kongo – official faith was Catholicism. King was Afonso I. Kongo lacked ivory and pepper and so they had to sell more slaves. 22. Calicut –

- Muslim forces overran most of Iberia. By 1250, the Iberian kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon had conquered all the Muslim lands in Iberia except the southern kingdom of Granada. United by dynastic marriage in 1469, Castile and Aragon conquered Granada in 1492.

Individuals / Peoples 23. Admiral Zheng He – Commander of the Ming expeditions. A Chinese Muslim with ancestral connections to the Persian Gulf. 24. Vikings – The greatest mariners of the Atlantic in the early Middle Ages. Northern European raiders that used small, open ships to attack coastal European settlements for several centuries. They had no maps or navigational devices. 25. Leif Ericsson – He established a short-lived Viking settlement on the island of Newfoundland, which he called Vinland. 26. Arawaks – Amerindians that colonized theWest Indies. By year 100, they moved up from the small island of the Lesser Antilles into the Greater Antilles. They were later overrun by the raiding Caribs. 27. Henry the Navigator – The third son of the king of Portugal who led the attack on Ceuta. Because he devoted the rest of his life to promoting the exploration of the South Atlantic, he is known as Henry the Navigator. He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity, make contact with existing Christian rulers in Africa, and launch joint crusades with them against the Ottomans. Founder of a research institute at Sagres for studying navigation and collecting information about the lands beyond Muslim North Africa. 28. Bartholomeu Dias – The first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean. (1488) 29. Vasco de Gama – In 1497-1498, he led a Portuguese expedition that sailed around Africa and reached India 30. Pedro Alvares Cabral – In 1500, he led expeditions that came on the eastern coast of South America, which became the basis for Portugal’s later claim to Brazil. 31. Christopher Columbus – A Genoese mariner that led the overseas mission to find a new route to the Indian Ocean. 32. Vasco Núñez de Balboa – A Spanish adventurer who crossed the isthmus of Panama from the east and sighted the Pacific Ocean on the other side. 33. Ferdinand Magellan – In 1511, he sailed from Europe around the southern tip of Africa and eastward across the Indian Ocean as a member of the first Portuguese expedition to explore the East Indies. By mid 1521, he sailed across the Atlantic and crossed the Pacific Ocean at a high price. His expedition was designed to complete Columbus’s interrupted westward voyage by sailing around the Americas and across the Pacific. The first person to encircle the globe. 34. Manikong Afonso I – The king of Kongo who sent delegates to Portugal, established a royal monopoly on trade with the Portuguese, and expressed interest in missionary teachings. The royal family made Catholicism the kingdom’s official faith. The Christian manikongo begged his “brother” the king of Portugal to stop the trade of slaves. 35. Hernando Cortes – An ambitious and ruthless nobleman who led the expedition to the Mexican mainland in search of slaves and to establish trade. He brought six hundred fighting men and most of the Cuba’s stock of weapons to assault the Mexican mainland. 36. Moctezuma II – The Aztec emperor of the capital city Tenochtitlan. He was killed in battle between the Spaniards led by Hernan Cortes and the Aztecs. 37. Francisco Pizarro – He participated in the conquest of Hispaniola and in Balboa’s expedition across the Isthmus of Panama. By 1520, he was a wealthy landowner and official in Panama. A Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. He had his 180 men, 37 horses, and two cannon. 38. Atahualpa – The Inca emperor which Pizarro arranged to meet. He was captured by the Spaniards led by Pizarro and he offered them a roomful of gold and silver for freedom. He was later baptized as a Christian and then strangled. His death and the Spanish occupation broke the unity of the Inca Empire.

Treaties: 39. Treaty of Tordesillas – A treaty made by Spain and Portugal that split the world between them. The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 drew an imaginary line down the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. Lands east of the line in Africa and southern Asia could be claimed by Portugal; lands to the west in the Americas were reserved for Spain.

- The rise of medieval Islam gave Indian Ocean trade an important boost. The great Muslim cities of the Middle East provided a demand for valuable commodities. The religion was actively spread. - The Ming established direct contacts with the peoples around the Indian Ocean to enhance China’s commerce or inspire awe of Ming power and achievements. - The epic sea voyages sponsored by the Iberian kingdoms of Portugal and Spain are of special interest because they began a maritime revolution that altered the course of world history.

Questions to Outline: 1. Compare Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean maritime trade from 770 – 1450. Create a chart.

2. In regards to maritime trade, list the four trends evident in the Latin West since 1000 that led to more European expansion AND list the two reasons why the Italian state did NOT take the lead in exploring the Atlantic.

3. List the nautical achievements of the Portuguese.

4. Outline in timeline form the developments of Portuguese in West Africa and the Indian Ocean between 1470 – 1550.

5. List the effects (at least 8) of Spanish conquest of the Americas.