Unit+3+Test+Review

-Not both China and Russia suffered large population declines in the 18th and 19th centuries -African slaves superseded Amerindian slaves in Brazil in economic importance -After the Forty-seven Ronin incident, samurais were allowed to commit ritual suicide -the Ottoman Empire was the longest-lasting post-Mongol Muslim Empire -European believed that natural causes were due to supernatural forces -the mita was a force labor system where the male Amerindian population had to work for six months per year -In the 18th century, West Indian plantations were controlled by a plantocracy, a small number of riche men who owned the lands and slaves -Matteo Ricci was a Jesuit missionary who introduced European technology in China -“Drivers” are male slaves -The Ottoman Empire was the most powerful state because of its balance of mounted archers, Janissaries, and navy -Balkans converted to Islam under the rule of the Ottoman Empire -Dahomey was the African state most depended on slave trade -“Hidden Inam” is the 12th descendant of Ali, who disappeared as a child -Men outnumbered women in Caribbean plantations because twice as many men were imported -Tax farming was paying taxes in advance for right to collect greater amounts -Slaves could be freed from slavery (manumitted) by purchasing their freedom -Challenges of church led to bitter “wars of religion” -History of the “Hidden Inam” sets a tradition in Iran for the ulama to be an independent authority -Spain’s lesser nobles were called hidalgos -Isafan and Istanbul didn’t both go into economic decline in the 15th century -American-born Spanish whites were called Creoles -Horses in America increased military capacity and hunting efficiency -The Japanese response to the Society of Jesus was mixed; some supported it while others were opposed to it -Iranian state was based on Shi’ism -One of the consequences of the Japanese aggression was that the weakened Chinese armies was defeated by the Manchu -Europeans viewed the natural world through folklore, Christian, and Judaism teachings -Enlightenment brought the belief that humans could understand the world through reason -Morality on Atlantic slave ships were high because of execution, suicide, disease, and abuse -Massachusetts’s colonies didn’t have a great division between the rich and poor, but this was not its difference with Chesapeake and South Carolina colonies -Population growth in China in the 1700s led to severe environmental problems -The Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Empires declined because of inability to adjust to changes in military technology and world economy -Spanish attempted to protect and control trade to the colonies by using convoy systems -Encomienda is a form of forced labor and tribute -In 1555, due to the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allowed German princes to choose Catholicism and Lutheranism -John Locke believed that if the monarch abused his power, then the people would have the right to rebel -English Navigation Acts sought to limit colonial trading and production competition -During the early colonial period, Bartolome de las Casa was the most influential defender of the Amerindians -The Sultan saw his role in governing his “flock” or raya by providing justice and military protection -European and African elites controlled Atlantic slave trade -The Ottoman economy became involved in the European commercial network because they began to grow cash crops (cotton and tobacco) -To reduce the risks of overseas trading, companies bought insurance -Islam effectively countered the aggressive Christianity of Europeans, particularly in the Brunei Sultanate and the Acheh Sultanate -In 1453, the Ottoman armies attacked Constantinople and ended Byzantine rule -Suleiman the Magnificent was the sultan who presided over a “golden age” and the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe -Treaty of Nerchinks fixed the Northern border of China along the Amur River -Extensive Islamic expansion into East Africa and Southeast Asia occurred because Islam was more willingly to accept converts -Mansabs were military and government officials who were given land grants -French settlement in America resembled Spanish and Portuguese colonies because they both wanted to extract resources and convert populations to Christianity -Although European peasants were free during early Modern Era, the average peasant lived under worse conditions -Muhammad ibn Abd Wahhab was a leader of the conservative Sunni movement that emerged in Saudia Arabia -The Patrona Halil rebellion showed “decay at the center” yet “benefit elsewhere” because it gave independence movements the opportunity to start their own states -Within 15 years of its settlement, the colony of Jamestown lost 80% of its population -During its decline, the Ming dynasty didn’t experience European invasions -The Europeans benefited when the Mughal Empire (India) declined -Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire -The effect in Africa due to loss of population by the slave trade was that the population was able to recover due to women and the adoption of new plant foods -The Moscow Stock Exchange was the greatest stock market during the 17th and 18th centuries -The Scientific Revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by natural causes -The result of “Great Northern War” was that Russian gained access to the Baltic Sea -The Protestant Reformation was a movement that began with rejection of the Pope’s authority -The Dutch conducted most of the commercial shipping during the 17th century -John Calvin preached that salvation was granted by predestination -The Iroquois were the Amerindian enemies of the French -Mughal Empire was prosperous in the 16th century because they traded cotton cloth -Japanese called their warriors samurai -At the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese had conquered most of Brazil -Cossack was one of the diverse societies created by Russian expansion