Chapter+17+Outline

CHAPTER 17- The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770 =__ The Columbian Exchange __= -**Columbian Exchange**- transfer of peoples, animals, plants, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds (world known before Columbus’s voyage) -Old’s domesticated livestock and agricultural crops spread to Americas -Americas’ staple crops spread to Old

// Demographic Changes //
-New World wasn’t immune to disease from Old due to isolation -Ameridian people death rates were high during early colonial periods -(1521 after Hernan Cortes) central Mexico fell from 13-25 million to about 700,000 -75% of Maya population declined -Inca- 9 million to about 600,00 -Brazil- 2.5 million to 1 million after Portuguese arrival -smallpox -> (1518) Carribean -> wiped out +50% of pop. in Mexico and central America before spreading to S. America -measles (1930s), diphtheria, typhus, influenza and maybe pulmonary plague -(mid 17th century) malaria and yellow fever in tropical regions

// Transfer of Plants and Animals //
-European, African, and Asian crops introduced in New World in short period of time -wheat, olives, grapes, garden vegetables (Europe) & rice, bananas, coconuts, breadfruit, and sugar cane (Africa and Asia) -New world staples (maize, potatoes, manioc) spread to Old World -dyes, medicinal plants, cotton, and tobacco -beans, squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, chilies, and chocolate -introduction of European livestock (pigs, cattle, horses, sheep) -horses increased efficiency of hunters and military capacity of warriors =__ Spanish America and Brazil __= -Spanish Empire in America- Caribbean, Mexico, American southwest, Central America, Carribbean and Pacific coasts of S. America, Andean highlands, and plans of Rio de la Plata region -African trade spread to Americas

// State and Church //
-economic crisis in Spain forced Spanish crown to begin selling appointments to highest bidders allowed colonial elite to gain high positions in colonial bureaucracy -**Council of the Indies**- institution responsible for supervising Spain’s colonies in the Americas from 1524-early 18th century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities -viceroys of New Spain and Peru- highest ranking Spain officials with power -(1535) Viceroyalty of New Spain- capital =Mexico City -Mexico, United States, Central America, and Caribbean islands -(1540s) Viceroyalty of Peru- capital=Lima -Spanish S. America -viceroyalty had number of judicial and administrative districts -(until 17th century) almost all high positions in colonial bureaucracy were born in Spain -(1549) after experiment with hereditary captaincies failed, Portuguese king appointed governor-general and Salvador became Brazil’s capital -(1720) Brazils first viceroy was named -(after 1690) gold mines funded colonial bureaucracies -Catholic Church converted Amerindians, attended to Europeans spiritual needs, and promoted intellectual life through introducing printing press and education -Spain and Portugal justified themselves with objective of converting pop. to Christianity -Spanish clergy used torture, executions, and destruction of native manuscripts persuaded Maya to abandon traditional customs and beliefs -**Bartolome de Las Casas**- (1474-1566) 1st bishop of Chiapas, in S. Mexico. Devoted most of his life to protect Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which outlawed Amerinidns enslavement and limited other forms of forced labor -due to Amerindian population decline, Catholic Church redirected most of its resources from native countryside regions to European colonial cities and towns -founding of universities/secondary schools and stimulation of urban intellectual l  life -controlled ranches, plantations, and vineyards

// Colonial Economies //
-Peru and Mexico silver mines and Brazil’s sugar plantations developed Latin American economy -funded Europe’s trade with Asia and capitalism -promoted growth of colonial cities, concentrated scarce investment capital and labor resources, and developed livestock and agriculture in rural areas -**Potosi**- located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America (1545-1680) -Bolivia and Peru silver production then dominated Spanish economy -silver mines supported farming, livestock, and textile production -use of forest resources for fuel destroyed forests -Mexican miners extracted chemical by mixing mercury and silver ore -mercury (poison) contaminated environment and Amerindian work force -**encomienda-** (until 1540s) Amerindian people divided among settlers and were forced to provide them with labor. A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of good by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Ameridians -Mexican silver miners relied on free-wage laborers -Spanish developed mita (form of labor) -1/7 of adult male Amerindians would work for 6 months each year in mines, farms, and textiles factories -changed to being forced to return after a year or two instead of 7 because of population decline -(1550) Portuguese sugar production expanded in Pernambuco and Bahia -(17th century) sugar dominated Brazilian economy -sugar planters started to rely on African instead of Amerindian salves -although more expensive, were more efficient and disease immune -(late 17th century) African slave import rose to about 7000 per year -(1650-1750) +3 African Slaves in Brazil= 1 European immigrant -American silver increased European money supply -expanded trade and insdustrialization -(1625) Potosi population reached 120,000 -mining and center of regional market depending on wheat, livestock, and textiles -Salvador/Rio de Janeiro ports exchanged sugar, tobacco, and reexported slaves for hides, tea, livestock, and silver -Spain granted Seville and Cadiz monopoly rights -relied on warships with convoys to transport silver and gold -(1650) Portugues too had similar system of monopoly trade and fleets -systems slowed European flow of trading, prices were high -(middle of 17th century) majority of European imports arrived illegally to L. America

// Society in Colonial Latin America //
-hidalgos- lesser nobles -merchants, artisans, miners, priests, and lawyers -Spain’s immigrant flow was not arge -**creoles**- whites born in America to European parents -Europeans dominated church, government, and commercerce -creoles controlled agriculture and mining -Indians had special taxes and labor obligations -tribute payments, forced labor obligations, and loss of traditional land rights were common to indigenous commoners -400 blacks were in conquest of Peru and Chile -many became free like Juan Valiente (settler of Chile) -Afro-Iberians=related to Portuguese and Spanish and was Catholic -African slaves had different languages, religion and culture -seen as inferiority with differences -(1600) blacks were denied positions in politics and church -African traditions blended with Europeans -slave rebellions -quilombos- communities of runaways (ex. Palmares) -slave conditions were worse in Brazil and Caribbean sugar plantations -(early 17th century) African and descendents were largest racial group in Brazil -Spanish and Portuguese allowed law to grant freedom to individual slaves -1% of slave population were freed each year -**mestizos**- someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent -**mulatoos**- someone with mixed European and African descent -castas- mixed-descent group =__ English and French Colonies in North America __= -Like Spanish and Portuguese, English and French hoped to find wealthy and indigenous empires and treated indigenous with diplomacy and violence. Used African slaves -English and French colonized century after Cortes’ conquest of Mexical and Portuguese settlement in Brazil

// Early English Experiments //
-English efforts to gain colonies failed more times than succeeded -(1583) first attempt by West Country gentry and merchants led by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in Newfoundland -(1585) 108 men failed to settle on Roanke Island -again in 1587 and 1590 -(17th century) tried to establish colonies again -influenced when colonized Ireland (1566) -relied on private capital to fund for settlement and hope colonies would be trading sources

// The South //
-(1606) Virginia colonized by Virginia Company -(1607) settlement in Jamestown -(first 15 years of settlement) 80 percent died from disease or attacks -no mineral wealth, passage to Asia, or native slaves -(1624) Virginia Company abandoned -colonist found efficient economy -**indentured servants-** a migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term of 4-7 years -80% of English immigrants -(17th century) 1500 indentured servants arrived -slaves more profitable than servants -> increase in slave purchase -(1756) Virginia’s slave pop. grew from 950 (1660) to 120,000 -**House of Burgesses-** (1618) elected assembly in colonial Virginia -English colonists expanded to South -Carolinas profited from fur trade -(early 1700s) Amerindains attacked English when angered at trading terms and slave trade -Charleston’ rice and indigo plantations increased immigrant and African slave flow -largest city in S. colonies -Stono Rebellion of 1739- South Carolina’s largest slave uprising -shocked slave owners in S. colonies and repression

// New England //
-**Pilgrims**- group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having living briefly in the Netherlands -wanted to break away from Church of England -(1691) Plymouth became part of Puritans’ Massachusetts Bay Colony -**Puritans**- English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 -(1643) +20,000 Puritans settled on Bay Colony with limited control from king -Massachusetts had gender balance -> rapid increase in population -governor was elected -(1650) lower legislative house w/ own speaker created to discuss rules and procedures -similar to England’s House of Commons -economy: poor soil and harsh climate -> dependency of timber, fur, fish, and forest products -(1740) Boston= largest city in British N. America (16,000 people) -reduction in indigenous population -small amount of slaves <- New England did not export S. plantation products

// The Middle Atlantic Region //
-(1624) Dutch West India company created New Netherland -poorly managed but had profitable Hudson River -**Iroquois Confederacy**- an alliance of 5 northeastern Amerindian peoples (6 after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through representative council. Allied first with Dutch, then English, the Confederacy dominated area from W. New England to Great Lakes -Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca -New York City= commercial and shipping center -Pennsylvania- refuge for Quakers (persecuted religious minority) -William Penn had sole right to establish government when granted a large territory by king Charles II (1682) -(1700) pop.= 21,000 -grain exporting society -S. Carolina plantations need large number of slaves -Pennsylvania- free workers and family farms

// French America //
-(1524 & 1542) Jacques Cartier explored Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence -found “fool’s gold” (quartz and iron pyrite) -French waited +50 years before colonization -**New France**- French colony in N. America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763 -founded by Samuel de Champlain -alliance with Huron and Algonquin, went against Iroquois Confederacy -fur market vital for French settlement -**coureurs de bois**- (runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of N. America -(1680s) Confederacy dominated Great Lakes region and Ohio River Valley -Jesuits tried to convert indigenous people to Christianity -French Catholic missionaries built boarding schools, learnt to understand native languages, and set up agricultural communities for converted Amerindians -slow population growth -French treated indigenous people as allies and trading partners -indigenous people gradually adapted to new religions, technologies, and trades -Louisiana- dependent on fur trade -Seven Years War (1756-1763)- England took over Quebec (1759) -agreement that French handed Canada to England and Louisiana to Spain =__ Colonial Expansion and Conflict __=

// Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil //
-(1700) Charles II died and ended Spain’s Habsburg dynasty -Philip of Bourbon gained Spanish thrown -reorganized taxes and administration/ expanded intercolonial trade -Spain created new commercial monopolies and improved navy -18th century was period of Spain’s economic expansion -**Tupac Amaru II**- member of Inca aristocracy leading rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru (1780-1781). Captured and executed with family members -received support from harassed Amerindian communities, Creoles, mestizos, and slaves -100,000 people died after Spain govt. was reestablished -(1690s) gold discovered and (1720) cotton and coffee development led to purchasing 2 million African slaves

// Reform and Reorganization in British America //
-(1651-1673) Navigation acts limited colonial trading and colonial production that competed directly with English manufactures -James II (?) suspended elected assemblies in New England colonies due to suspicion of holding status as smuggling center and appointed colonial governors -(1688) Glorious Revolution overthrew James II -(1770) population was urban and divided by class and race =__ Conclusion __= -mineral wealth-> Spain=centralized emipire -power in Mexico City and Lima -Spanish, Portuguese, and French (all Catholic) had influence with religion and culture -British colonies attracted most immigrants -(18th century) pop. grew, economy improved, and global contact increased