Ch.+10-11+Info

Chapter 10: INNER AND EAST ASIA, 600-1200 __The Early Tang Empire, 618-755__ -(** 615) Sui Dynasty collapsed after 34 years ** =//Tang Origins//= -**Li Shimin**-(599-649/r. 627-649) One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor. Held expansion of empire into Central Asia -**Tang Empire**- Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a court at capital, Chang’an -avoided centralization with local nobles, gentry, officials, and religious establishment holding power -Tang emperors and nobility originated from Turkic elites in northern China - Used Confucian system for examining officials -sculpture included large pottery figurines of horses and two humped camels -weapons were combined with Chinese weapons (crossbow/infantrymen) with Inner Asia (stirrups/horsemen) //Buddhism and the Tang Empire// -State cults based on Buddhism spread in Inner asia & North China -Mahayana- “Great Vehicle” -Bodhisattvas- enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others achieve enlightenment -relationship between princes and monastic leader included pray, preaching, counseling for support in exchange for tax exemptions, land privileges, and gifts // To Chang’an by Land and Sea // -Chang’an- Tang capital/ center of communication -Trading and cultural ideas shared between Inner Asia and China -Named after former Han capital near Wei River Valley -over a million people with most living in suburbs -(end of Tang period) over 100,000 West Asians - citizens lived in either suburbs or outlying towns with responsibilities (managing resorts or tombs) -neighborhoods enclosed by brick walls and wooden gates -**Grand Canal**- the 1,100 mile (1,700 km) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. Begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire -linkYellow River with Yangzi for transportation -**Tributary system**- a system in which, from the time of the Han empire, countries in E. and SE. Asia (not controlled by China’s empires) enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the China’s emperors in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances -increased access in Indian Ocean and spread of Islamic and Jewish influences with control of S. coastal region -**bubonic plague**- bacteria disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world -(early 600s) bubonic plague in Canton and south China -caused by sea route linking Red Sea and Persian Gulf with Canton -affected trade and embassy with Korea, Japan, and Tibet

//Trade and Cultural Exchange//
-N. China’s clothing style changed to pants influenced by Turks -cotton imported from Central Asia -allowed noblewomen to compete in polo (pastime from steppes) from Inner Asia’s tradition -instruments from Silk Road -West Asia’s grape wine and India & Southeast Asia’s tea, sugar, and spice changed diet - China exported silk & porcelain (supplier to West Asia)

__Law and Society in Tang:__ -Centralized authority of the imperial government -the ten abominations 1.Plotting Rebellion 2.Plotting great sedition 3.Plotting treason 5.Depravity 6.Great irreverence 7.Lack of filiality 9.What is not right 10.Increst

__ Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China, 600-917 __
// The Uighur and Tibetan Empires // -China’s rivals were Uighurs and the Tibetans -Uighur-a group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744-840 in Mongolia and Central Asia -basin of Tarim River (desert north of Tibet linking Silk Road) -Turkic group taking territory of Inner Asia -caravan cities (Kashgar & Khotan) had literate culture combined with Islamic world & China -culture included Buddhis teachers, northern India’s religious art, & East Asian/Islamic clothing style -merchants and scribes for business -changed Sogdian’s syllabic script (west of Uighurs in Central Asia) and to Turkic writing -collapsed after half a century -Tibet stretched to northeastern India, southwestern China, and the Tarim Basin -alphabet & architecture similar to India -positioned where China, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia connected -knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, divination, farming, and grain milling influenced by India and China -favored Greek medicine -excelled in wars with horses and armor -(634, Li Shimin rule) Tang princess, Konjo, sent to marry Tibetan king for alliance -combined Mahayan Buddhism with native religion -cultural sharing -(late 600’s) rivalry between Tang and Tibet for religious leadership and political dominance of Inner Asia -Tibet conquered China’s Qinhai, Sichuan, and Xinjian provinces -(800’s)Tibet’s new king assassinated by Buddhist monks after trying to elimated monasteries’ influence -monastic domination isolated Tibet

//Upheavals and Repression, 750-879// -Elites thought Buddhism was undermining Confucian idea of family -Angry at Buddhist’s encouragement of women to be involved in politics -(690) Wu Zhao controlled govt. and called herself as emperor until death (705) - favored Buddhists and Daoists over Confucianists -Yang Geifei blamed for An Lushan rebellion (755) - Buddhist monks paid no taxes or army & family members did not have to be involved in marriage alliances or denying descendants -(840) government against Buddhist monasteries -destroyed 4,600 temples and converting 26,500 monks/nuns

// The End of the Tang Empire, 879-907 // -battle failures such as Battle of the Talas River (751) led to military corruption and underfunding -(755) An Lushan led rebellion against emperor and executed Yang Guifei -killed in 757 -(879-881) Huang Chao’s rebellion supported by poor, unprotected farmers -(907) Tang dynasty ended

__ Emergence of East Asia, to 1200 __ **-Song Empire**** - Empire in central and southern China (960-1126) while the Liao people controlled the north. Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the “Southern Song”) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics ** ** -sea connections with other states in E. Asia, W. Asia, and SE. Asia ** -Song Empire rivaled against Liao empire of Khitan people (pastoral nomads living on northeastern frontier related to Mongols) in the north and Minyak people (similar to Tibetans) calling themselves Tangguts in western China -Liao had no single elite culture -Buddhism outweighed Confucianism -ruled from 916-1121 -Khitans used seige machines from China and Central Asia against Song -(1005) Song emperor traded cash and silk as truce before forming alliance with the Liao -entered into alliance with Jurchens (in NE. Asia) to avoid paying additional tribute -(1125) Jurchens defeated Liao and created Jin empire before turning against Song -grew rice, millet, and wheat -influenced by Khitan’s military strategies and political organization -seige to Song capital (Kaifeng) -established capital at Hangzhou after conquering Yellow River -paid annually by Song Empire to avoid warfare
 * -advanced seafaring and sailing technology **
 * // The Liao and Jin Empire //**

// Song Industries //
-(907-1279) China divided into three separate states -use of mathematics -(1088) Su Song invented celestial clock (water-powered clocks for space movement and time) in Kaifeng -redesigned compass to be suitable for seafaring (used in 1090) -**junk**- large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Ming, and Song Empires, specially designed for long distance trading journeys -iron and mining production for weapons -gunpowder experiment and made shells -**gunpowder**- a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. The formula, brought to China in the 400s/500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shots, and bullets -(1100) Song introduced shells -movable type used to easily print books and learn ideas // Economy and Society in Song China // -**Neo-Confucianism**- term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the 20th century -Zhu Xi (1130-1200) and other neo-Confucian thinkers approached a cosmology that focused on the central conception that human nature is moral, rational, and essentially good -human ideal is a sage (person who could preserve mental stability and peace while dealing carefully with troubling social conflicts) -**Zen**- Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. Known in Sanskrit as “dhyana”, in Chinese as “chan” and in Korean as “son”. -Examinations for recruiting were based on Confucian classics, economic management, foreign policy -success in exam promised respectable marriage, high salary, prestige -wealthy men had higher chance of succeeding -**movable type**- type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. Replaced woodblock printing, allowing for an arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. May have been invented in Korea (13th century) -increased availability of printer books helped landlords gain access in agricultural advancements and expanding ideas to workers -iron agricultural implementations adapted to wet-rice cultivation as pop. moved south -(1100’s) population of Chinese territories were over 100 million -Multistory wooden apartment homes in narrow streets -Techniques in waste management, water supply, and firefighting made -Hangzhou- river flowing through city flushed away waste and disease\ -“Flying money” certificates (paper redeemed for coinage) converted to paper money -inflation of paper money and caused govt. to resort to tax farming (selling rights to tax collection to private individuals) -Song women were culturally subordinated, legally disenfranchised, and socially restricted -in absence of husbands due to business trips, women managed homes and managed husbands’ property -property automatically passed to husband -couldn’t remarry if husband died or divorced them -educated woman to read simplified versions of Confucian philosophy focusing on lowly roles for women -unusual for pursuing after extensive education and literary arts -footbinding to show social status

__ New Kingdoms in East Asia __
// Korea // -Silla (kingdom southeast of peninsula) took control of Korean peninsula after Koguryo kingdom ended after conflicting against Sui and Tang (668) -**Koryo**- Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion (1259) -(Early 900s) Koryo united Korea and supported Buddhism by printing editions of texts -woodblock printings influenced with China

-only 11% of land area suitable for cultivation -influenced by Chinese and Confucian style -cities built without walls and not in constant warfare -tenno (or “emperor” in English) belonged to a family believed to have ruled Japan since beginning of known history -dynasty never changed -**Fujiwara**- aristocratic family of priests, bureaucrats, and warriors that dominated the Japanese imperial court between 9th-12th centuries -controlled power and protected the empire -favored men learning Confucianism -women discouraged of education and noblewoman isolated to learn cultural pursuits and study of Buddhism cause writing as form of communication -**Kamakura shogunate**- first of Japan’s decentralized military governments (1185-1333) -increased military values
 * // Japan //**

// Vietnam //
-centered on two river valleys Red River in north and Mekong in south, wet climate, hilly terrain in mainland SE. Asia -rice based agriculture -(936) Annam renamed as Dai Viet and had relations with Song China as an independent country -Champa located in modern southern Vietnam -rivaled with Dai Viet -given Song Champa rice as tribute gift -**Champa rice**- quick-maturing rice allowing 2 harvest in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa by India. Later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state -adopted confucian bureaucratic training, Mahayana buddhism, and other aspects of Chinese culture -the networks of trade and communication that encompassed the Indian Ocean

__ Conclusion __
-China’s reunification by Song and Tang Empire causes major changes -Inner Asia and Tibet influenced China’s economy and culture -Korean, Japan, and Vietnam imitated China -Uighurs and Tibetans’ pressure eventually declined Tang Empire -neighboring people experimented with Tang Empire’s techniques -East Asians raised literacy rates with printing improvements -Song’s economy overwhelmed by warfare