Chapter+29+Outline

CHAPTER 29: The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949 =__ The Stalin Revolution __=

// Five-Year Plans //
== -Joseph Stalin- (1879-1953) Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. Led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition. Wanted to turn USSR into an industrial nation and prevent a repetition of Russia’s defeat by Germany in 1917. His goal was to quintuple the electricity output and double heavy industry in five years. ==   -(1917) small part in Revolutions -(1927) ousted Leon Trotsky -wanted to turn USSR into an industrial nation -to increase power of Communist Party domestically and power of Soviet Union in relation to other countries - **First Five-Year Plan**- Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. They succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power before WWII -nation resembled a nation at war except actual fighting -peasants trained to work in industries -reservoirs, roads, canals, railroad tracks, farmland

// Collectivization of Agriculture //
-Stalin came up with most radical social experiment -collectivization of agriculture (merging small private farms into vast collectives and making the farmers work together in commonly owned fields) -each collective supplied government with a fixed amount of food and distribute what was left among its members -mass production and application of machinery -replace peasants’ “petty bourgeois” attitudes with an industrial way of life -bring peasants under govt. control -kulaks (better-off peasants) resisted giving up property -destroyed own things when soldiers cam to force them -8 million arrested -many executed, rest became slaves or starved to death -(1933-1934) famine killed 5 million people -second Five Year Plan (1933-1937) intended to increase output of consumer goods -(1933) changed plan to emphasize on heavy industries -(1927-1937) heavy industry output increased fourteen folds while consumer goods became scarce and food was rationed

// Terror and Opportunities //
­-NKVD (Stalin’s secret police force_ created terror and fear  -reflection of Stalin’s distrust in people and fear for his life  -engineers and technicians arrested on charges of counterrevolutionary ideas and sabotage  -(December 1934) Sergie Kirov assassinated (perhaps under Stalin’s orders)  -(1937) ordered 8 top generals and many officers to be executed  -head of NKVD executed  -8 million sent to labor camps with a million dying each year  -women had jobs previously closed to them while receiving little help from men  -employees hoped to rise to upper ranks of Communist Party  -(late 1930s) USSR was world’s 3rd largest industrial power

__ The Depression __
-(October 24,1929) “Black Thursday” with New York stock market going into a dive

// Economic Crisis //
-reduced purchases led to lower production -small farmers went bankrupt -(mid 1932) American economy shrunk by ½ and unemployment risen to 25% -(1930) US govt. established Smoot-Hawley tariff -highest import duty in American history -(1929-1932) global industrial productions declined 36% and world trade dropped 62%

// Depression in Industrial Nations //
-Germany and Austria stopped paying reparations to France and Britain -France and Britain unable to repay war loans to America -(1931) Depression spread to Europe -govts. canceled reparations payments and war loans -(1932) Germany unemployment reached 6 million -(1932) Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal” platform of govt. programs to stimulate and revitalize economy

// Depression in Nonindustrial regions //
-Depression spread unevenly to Asia, Africa, and Latin America -countries that depended on exports (Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Ceylon, Java, and Bolivia( were hit by Depression -imports of rubber devastated by decreased automobile production -(1930s) S. Africa benefited with valuable gold

// Mussolini’s Italy //
-unemployed veterans and youths banded into fighting units to demand action and intimidate politicians -hired to defend workers’ threats to strike -**Benito Mussolini**-(1883-1945) Facist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). Led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936) and allied Italy with Germany in WWII. Overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy -**Fascist Party**- Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during WWI. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini’s instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922-1943 -(1921) 300,000 members using violent methods -excelled in publicity with “[the Leader] is always right” -applying techniques of modern mass communications and advertisement to political life

// Hitler’s Germany //
-**Adolf Hitler**- (1889-1945) Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalists during WWI. Led the Nazis in the 1920s and became Germany’s dictator in 1933. Led Europe into WWII -wrote Mein Kampf to outline goals and beliefs -published in 1925 with little notice -believed Germany should incorporate all German-speaking areas -blamed Jews for every German’s disaster like defeat of 1918 -glorified violence and “master race” -first goal was to repeal humiliation and military restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles -wanted to annex all German-speaking territories -planned to eliminate all Jews from Europe -deprived Jews of citizenship and civil rights -(1924-1930) tiny minority of followers until Depression -(March 1933) Hiteler became chancellor of Germany by President Hindenburg -put Nazis in charge of all govt. agencies, educational institutions, and professional orgs. -banned all other political parties -(August 1934)called himself leader and Germany the Third Empire -the Third after Holy Roman Empire and German Empire of 1871-1918 -**Nazis**-German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazis became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler’s absolute rule. The party’s formal name was National Socialist German Worker’s Party -mass public works projects -working women returned to household chores -(1936) economy boomed and unemployment at lowest since 1920s

// The Road to War, 1933-1939 //
-(1933) Hitler withdrew Germany from League of Nations -introduce conscription, improve army, and create an air force -violated Versailles treaty -Britain signed naval agreement -neither Britain nor France wanted to risk war -United States isolated itself -(1935) Italy invaded Ethiopia, which was one of the only two independent nations in Africa and a member of the League of Nations -(1938) Germany invaded Austria (March) and Czechoslovakia -(Munich Conference) met with leaders of France, Britain, and Italy who gave him everything he wanted without consulting Czechoslovakia -(March 1939) invaded what was left of Czechoslovakia -appeasement (weakness of democracies) caused by fear of war, fear of communism, and novelty of fascist tactics -Germany and Italy signed Axis -France and Britain wanted Soviet help -(August 23,1939) Nazi-Soviet Pact divided Poland between Germany and Soviet Union -(September 1939) Germany invaded Poland, leading to war

// The Manchurian Incident of 1931 //
-Guomindang became stronger and prepared against Japanese president in Manchuria -(September 1931) staged explosion of railroad track gave Japanese excuse to conquer entire province -Chinese boycotted Japanese goods -Japanese temporarily took over Shanghai and Beijing -Japanese renamed Manchuria as Manchukuo -League of Nations didn’t recognized Manchukuo and urged Japanese to remove troops from China -Japan resigned from League

// The Chinese Communists and the Long March //
-**Chiang Kai-shek**- (1886-1975) Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang in 1923; headed the Chinese govt. from 1928-1948; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949, headed the Chinese Nationalist government to Taiwan -arrested and executed Communists and labor leaders -**Mao Zedong**- (1893-1976) Leader of the Chinese Communist Part (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After WWII, he led the Communists to victory over the Guomindang. Ordered the Cultural Revolution in 1966. -wanted to redistribute land from wealthier to poorer peasants -advocate for women’s equality -organized women farmers, allowed divorce, and banned arranged marriages and foot binding -didn’t admit women into leadership positions -**Long March**- the 6000 mile (9600 km) flight of Chinese Communists from SE to NW China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. The four thousand survivors of the march formed the nucleus of a revived Communist movement that defeated the Guomindang after WWII

// The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 //
-(July 7, 1937) Japanese attacked Chinese near Beijing -(November) Japanese won -US and League of Nations denounced Japanese actions -large Chinese armies were poorly led and lost every battle -Japanese bombed Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Guangzhou -Japan controlled coastal provinces, lower Yangzi, and Yellow River Valleys -Japanese realized war with China was a drain on economy and manpower -(winter of 1937-1938) Japanese took Nanjing, raped 20,000 women, killed 200,000 people -Chiang order Yellow River dikes to cause a flood to slow Japanese down -Chiang led govt. to escape to mountains of Sichuan -built up a 3 million soldier army with low supplies -raised already high taxes -received little help from Soviet Union (early 1941) and none after Stalin signed a Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact

// The War of Movement //
-German had tactic of Blitzkrieg (lightning war) -Japan and US built aircraft carriers -involved countries wanted to defeat enemies’ armed forces and supporting economy

// War in Europe and North Africa //
-Wehrmacht conquered Poland in less than a month -Britain and France declared war with Germany without taking any military action -Soviet Union invaded E. Poland and Baltic republics -(April 1940) Hitler conquered Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium -(May) attacked France -(end of June) conquered all of Europe between Russia and Spain -Germany only had Britain as enemy -Britain didn’t have army but possessed the English Channel, the Royal Navy and Air Force, and prime minister, Winston Churchill -(June through September) Battle of Britain with German failing -Hitler turned attention eastward -had cooperation from Stalin -wanted Lebensraum and enslave Slavic peoples -(June 1941) Hitler launched largest attack in history with 3 million soldiers -conquered Baltic states, Ukraine, and half of European Russia -**Stalingrad**- Russian city; site of a Red Army victory over the German army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd -(February 1943) Germany surrendered -Hitler lost 200,000 men and last chance of defeating SU and wining war -Mussolini’s Italy conquered Somaliland and invaded Egypt -British counterattack caused them to collapse -(1941) British conquered Italian East Africa and invaded Lybya -**El Alamein**- town in Egypt, site of victory by Britain’s Field Marshal Bernard Montomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the “Desert Fox” in 1942-1943

// War in Asia and the Pacific //
-(September 1940) France allowed Japan to occupy Indochina -US and Britain stopped shipments of products that Japan needed -left Japan with alternatives of giving up conquests, facing economic ruin, or wider the war (chose war) -war cabinet made surprise attack on US and invaded SE Asia -believed shock of attack would make Americans accept Japanese conquest of SE Asia -**Pearl Harbor**- Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the US Pacific Fleet brought the United States into WWII. -(December 1941-March 1942) Japanese bombed Singapore and conquered Thailand, Philippines, and Malya -Japan occupied all of SE Asia and Dutch East Indies -claimed liberation of conquered people from European colonialism -confiscated food and raw materials and demanded heavy labor -US, Britain, and Soviet Union joined into United Nations -(April 1942) American bombed Tokyo -(May 1942) US Navy defeated Japanese fleet in Coral Sea -**Battle of Midway**- US naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. Marked turning point in WWII

// The End of the War //
-Red Army pushed Wehrmacht back toward Germany -(July 1943) Europeans captured Sicily and invaded Italy -(June 6, 1944) marked D-Day with largest shipborne assault ever staged -150,000 British, American, and Canadian troops on coast of Normandy -(February 1943) three Allied leaders met in Yalta to plan Europe’s future after war -(May 7, 1945) Hitler committed suicide and German leaders surrendered -(1945) Asians looking forward to independence -**Hiroshima-** city in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. Bombing hastened the end of WWII -Americans believed that longer war would lead to cost of American soldiers’ l ives -Japanese wwere willing to surrender if they could keep monarch -would’ve surrendered without atomic bombing if Allies agreed sooner to keep monarchy -(August 14) Japan surrendered and signed terms two weeks later