Ch+22+Outline

CHAPTER 22: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 **Industrial Revolution**- transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the 18th century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories and innovations in transportation and communication =__ Causes of the Industrial Revolution __=

// Population Growth //
-increase in European population -fastest growing population in Wales and England -5.5 million (1688), 9 million (1801), 18 million (1851) -resistance to disease -reliable food supply with new crops -large percentage of children -(19th century) Britain had 40% of population under 15 years old -use of child labor -immigration in US making population rise to 31.5 million (1860)

// The Agricultural Revolution //
-**agricultural revolution**- (18th century) transformation of farming that resulted in the 18th century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled -potatoes, turnips, legumes, maize, clover, and cattle -traditional methods -collecting leftover plants, pasturing animals, and gathering firewoods -prosperous landowners drain and improve soil, breed better livestock, and introduce crop rotation -tenants and sharecroppers moved to city or became migrants -large estates and aristocratic landowners were prosperous

// Trade and Inventiveness //
-roads and manufacturers -middle class can afford simple goods (sugar, tea, cotton, etc) -French Encyclopedia -French and British sent expeditions to collect plants for colonies -Franklin experimented with electricity -Montgofier brothers made hot-air balloons -Claude Chappe invented semphore telegraph -Eli Whitney and John Hall invented machine tools to increase manufacturing productivity

// Britain and Continental Europe //
-Britain leading in tools, guns, hardware, clocks, and craft exports -traded with Americas, W. Africa, Middle East, and India -Britain had largest merchant marine -(until mid-18th century) Britain known for cheap imitations than innovations -put inventions into practice quickly -British court less flamboyant with less powerful aristocracy -blurred hierarchy -intermarriages and weak guilds -respect from wealth -(1789-1815) Europe harmed by revolutions and wars -interupped trade and slowed new technologies -(1815) W. Europe began industrializing -Belgium and N. France -observed Britain’s industrial secrets -created technical schools -encouraged join stock companies and banks -coal and iron deposits -industry based on iron, cotton, steam engines, and railroads

__ The Technological Revolution __
-mass production through division of labor -new machines and mechanization -great increase in iron manufacturing -steam engine and changes it made possible in industry and transportation -electric telegraph

// Mass Production: Pottery //
-**mass production**- manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. Method introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright