Chapter+29+Guided+Reading

= Chapter 29 = **Joseph Stalin (strategies and goals)-** (1879-1953) Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. Led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition. Wanted to turn USSR into an industrial nation and prevent a repetition of Russia’s defeat by Germany in 1917. His goal was to quintuple the electricity output and double heavy industry in five years. **First Five-Year Plan**- Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. They succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power before WWII **Collectivization**- merging small private farms into vast collectives and making the farmers work together in commonly owned fields. An attempt to replace peasant’s attitudes with an industrial way of life. **Kulaks**- better-off peasants who resisted giving up their property to collectivization Nazi’s affect on Five-Year Plan **Stalinist terror and the secret police**- NKVD to prevent resistance or rebellion **Soviet women in the work force**- women entered jobs previously closed to them while retaining their household and child-rearing duties. The men did not help them. **The crash of 1929 (“black Thursday, Monday and Tuesday”)-** New York stock market took a dive and stocks lost half their value. Fall resumed for three years **Smoot-Hawley tariff**- highest import duty in American history that was imposed by the US govt. in 1930 to protect American industries from foreign competitions **Global effect from Depression (both industrial and non-industrial nations)-** Germany and Austria stopped paying reparations to France and Britain who stopped repaying loans to America. Depression spread to Europe in 1931. Nations like Japan and Germany that relied on exports to pay for imports suffered more. Unemployment and poverty rose in Germany. Plantations in S. America, Egypt’s cotton economy and rubber resources from Malaya, Indochina, and Dutch East Indies was hit. Tourist vanished. Authoritarian control was imposed to stimulate local industries and curb imports in L. America Autarchy **Attraction towards radical politicians after WWI**- Radical politicians used wartime propaganda techniques for appeal and promised to bring back full employment, stop communism, and achieve the territorial conquests that WWI had denied them **Italy’s //Fasci di combattimento//**- fighting unites made up of unemployed veterans and youths to demand action and intimidate politicians **Benito Mussolini**- (1883-1945) Facist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). Led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936) and allied Italy with Germany in WWII. Overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy **Slogan of fascist Italy**- “Il Duce [the Leader] is always right!” Italy and Ethiopia **Adolf Hitler**- (1889-1945) Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalists during WWI. Led the Nazis in the 1920s and became Germany’s dictator in 1933. Led Europe into WWII. **//Mein Kampf//-** A book called My Struggle outlining Hitler’s goals and beliefs <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **“master race”-** Aryans (Germans, Scandinavians, and Britons) who would have the inferior races as their slaves and subjugate all others<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> his goals for Germany<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> economic outlooks<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Treaty of Versailles**- repeal humiliation and military restrictions of Treaty. In 1935, he violated the treaty by announcing that Germany will introduce conscription, build up an army, and create an air force<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Munich Conference in 1938**- Hitler met with leaders of France, Britain, and Italy in Sempterber to gain all the needed resources without consulting Czechoslovakia.<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> British and French policy of appeasement<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Japanese nationalists solution for Depression<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Manchurian Incident in 1931**- An explosion on a railroad track in September 1931 gave Japan the excuse to conquer the entire province of Manchuria.<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Mao Zedong**- (1893-1976) Leader of the Chinese Communist Part (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). After WWII, he led the Communists to victory over the Guomindang. Ordered the Cultural Revolution in 1966.<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Brand of Communism<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Policies toward women<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Escape from Guomindang to Shaanxi**- Long March (1934-1935) the 6000 mile (9600 km) flight of Chinese Communists from SE to NW China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. The four thousand survivors of the marh formed the nucleus of a revived Communist movement that defeated the Guomindang after WWII)<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  Relationship with Stalin (up to 1941)<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">   **Japanese war with China**- China’s large troop was poorly led. Japanes bombed Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Guangzhou. Japan controlled the coastal provinces of China and lower Yangzi and Yellow River Valleys<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">   **Japanese troops at Nanjing**- In winter of 1937-1938, Japanese troops took Nanjing, raped 20,000 women, killed 200,000 prisoners and civilians, and looted and burned the city.<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Blitzkrieg**- tactic used by the German armed forces (Wehrmacht); lightning war. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> WWII - countries invaded by Soviet Union- Eastern Poland, Baltic republics of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, Finland<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Stalingrad**- Russian city; site of a Red Army victory over the German army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia**- Following after a surprise attack on United States Navy as a shock to cause Americans to accept Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Pearl Harbor**- Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the US Pacific Fleet brought the United States into WWII.<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **US victory in the Pacific Ocean**- Battle of Midway (US Naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in WWII)<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Why did Japanese defeat take longer than German defeat?-** United States had aimed most of its war effort at Germany<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Japanese emperor’s effect on war**- Emperor Hirohito gave the order to lay down arm and ended war after Japanese leaders signed terms of surrender.<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Communist Chinese defeat of Guomindang**- Chiang used relief money to build an army of 2.7 million people at late 1945. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong founded the People’s Republic of China.<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Soviet deaths during WWII**- 20-25 million people<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> = Scientific and technological innovations in WWII - synthetic rubber, radar, antibiotics, fighter planes, low-flying buzz bombs, V-2 missiles <span style="font-weight: normal; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> = **Holocaust (death toll)**- Nazis’ program during WWII to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with million of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Nazis and “racial purity”**- Nazis purpose of Holocaust was racial purity without homosexuals, Joehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, the disabled, and the mentally ill<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **US production and economy during WWII-** Huge military orders. Nutrition and Health improved. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **Effects of WWII on US labor force (women and minorities)**- 6 million women entered labor force during war, 2.5 of them in jobs previously considered “men’s work”. 1.2 million African-Americans immigrated to the north and west and took jobs in agriculture and war industries while facing overcrowding and discrimination<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Effect of WWII on environment- **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> falling timber rate of tree reproduction. Dangerous fishing and whaling. Thousands of air bases. Large areas flooded and ruins in bombed cities.