Ch+32+Outline

CHAPTER 32: Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold War World, 1975-1991 =__ Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975-1991 __= **-proxy wars**- During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the super powers armed, trained and financed the combatants

// Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America //
-(1970s) political violence in L. America -democratic govts. Overturned by the military -new authoritarian leaders had little patience with civil liberties and human rights -(1964) Brazilian army overthrew President Joao Guolart -suspended constitution, outlawed existing political parties, and exiled former presidents and opposition leaders -death squads -promoted industrialization through import substitution (sing tax and tariff policies to compel foreign-owned companies to increase investment in manufacturing) -“Brazilian Solution” -**Salvador Allende**- (1908-1973) Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. Died during military attack -redistribute wealth from elite and middle classes to poor -nationalized most of Chile’s heavy industry and mines -Richard Nixon tried to organize opposition against Allende -(1973) overthrown by Generel August Pinochet -(1976) Argentina went into dictatorship -(1974) Isabel Martinez de Peron became president after Juan Peron’s death -**Dirty War**- war waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military -**Sandinistas**- members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastatsia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The US financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990 -Jimmy Carter stopped flow of US arms to regimes and promoted human rights -reestablishing Panamanian sovereignty in Canal Zone at end of 1999 -failed to find common ground with Sandinistas -(1981) Reagan abandoned policy -Ronald Reagan focused on reversing results of Nicaraguan Revolution and defeating a revolutionary movement in El Salvador -options limited by Congress -military force called Contras -unable to defeat Sandinistas but gained stalemate at end of 1980s -the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front organized guerilla force in El Salvador -aided by US -US Congress limited number of US military advisers that could be sent to El Salvador -ended war and became political party -(1983-1990) Brazil, Chile, and Argentina’s military dictatorships ended -(1982) Argentina’s failure to seize Falkan Islands from Great Britain -(1988) Chile’s Pinochet called a plebiscite to extend authority -majority vote went against him -(1989) Chile elected first civilian president in 18 years -(1980s) US used military force to achieve objectives in L. America -(1983) Reagan invaded Bernada to protect American students from actions of a pro-Cuban govt. -Georgh H. W. Bush overthrew and arrested General Manuel Noriega in Panama -govts. sold public-sector industries to foreign corporation

// Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan //
-(1941) Muhammad Reza Phalavi succeeded father as sha h of Iran -had American support -equipped Iranian army with advanced American weaponry -**Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini**- (1900?-1989) Shi’ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created Islamic republic -supreme arbiter of disputes and guarantor of religious legitimacy -oversaw a parliamentary regime based on European models -imposed religious control of legislation and public behavior -election held without open electoral process -those opposing Islamic republic couldn’t run for office -temporarily closed universities -women wore modest Islamic garments outside homes -against American and promoted Islamic revolutionary movements -(November 1979) Iranian radicals seized the US embassy and held 52 diplomats hostage for 444 days in Tehran with US’ inability to do anything -**Saddam Husain**- (b. 1937) President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980-1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991 -influenced by Arab-nationalist philosophy and alliance with SU -US sent arms via Israel to Iran to release American hostages held in Lebanon -(1979) SU sent army to Afghanistan to promote communist rule -(1989) withdrew troops after realizing they were in an unwinnable war

// Asian Transformation //
-(1970s-1980s) Japan experienced economic growth of 10% -Japanese industrial conglomerates broke up -**keiretsu**- alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy -six major keiretsu -close relationships with government -Japanese export success produced huge trade surpluses with other nations -housing and stock markets were highly overvalued in Japan -(1970s) Asian states modeled after Japan -South Korea combined inexpensive labor, strong technical education, and substantial domestic capital reserves -(1980s) economy began to match Jap.’s growth rate -**Asian Tigers**- collective name for S. Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s -Taiwan suffered political reverses -(1971) loss of UN seat to People’s Republic of China -withdrawal of diplomatic recognition by US  -Hong Kong and Singapore tied to port, banking, and commercial service -**newly industrialized economies**- rapidly, growing, new industrial nations of the late 20th century, including the Asian tigers

// China Rejoins the World Economy //
-**Deng Xianoping**- (1904-1997) Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong -permit foreign investment -dual industrial sector -one modern, efficient, and connected to international markets -other dominated by govt. and directed by political decisions -permit contracting of land to individuals and families -tripled agricultural output -strategize balancing change and continuity without social costs and political consequences -**Tiananmen Square**- site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life =__ The End of the Bipolar World, 1989-1991 __=

// Crisis in the Soviet Union //
-SU faced shortage of food, consumer goods, and housing -**Mikhail Gorbachev**- (b. 1931) head of the SU from 1985-1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist govt. in E. Europe -**perestroika**- policy of “openness” that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev’s efforts to liberalize communism in the SU -attempt to address long-suppressed economic problems by moving away from central state planning and toward a more open economic system. -(1989) ended war if Afghanistan

// The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc //
-**Solidarity**- Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. Began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe -9 million members -(1981) Polish govt. imposed martial law to give army effective political control -(end of 1989) communist govt. across E. Europe had fallen -Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania refused to surrender power until he was arrested and executed -East Germans crossed to West Germany -(1990) Germany was reunified -high levels of unemployment and budget deficits -(1990) Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia declared independence -(1991) end of SU -(1991) desmemberment of Yugoslavia began with declarations of independence in Slovenia and Croatia -(1993) Czechoslovakia divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia

// The Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991 //
-Husain borrowed money from neighboring Kuwait and was unsuccessful into reducing size of debt -eager to control Kuwait’s oil fields -(August 1990) invasion on Kuwait -US and allies imposed 500,000 soldiers in Saudi Arabia -(early 1991) George H. W. Bush attacked -Husain remained in power and no territory was taken =__ The Challenge of Population Growth __=

// Demographic Transition //
-(1850-1914) European population doubled -large immigration across Atlantic -**Thomas Malthus**- (1766-1834) 18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production -**demographic transition**- a change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birthrates, and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birthrate remains high, causing a population explosion; finally the birthrate drops and the population growth slows down. This transition took place in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in N. America and E. Asia in the mid-20th and, most recently, in L. America, and S. Asia -developing nations promoted large families as larger pop. would increase national power -morality rates increased with immigration, commercial expansion, and improved transportation causing transmission of disease -fertility declining

// The Industrialized Nations //
- =__ Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples __=

// The Problem of Growing Inequality //
-majority of world remains in poverty -(1998) United States, Japan, and EU accounted for 74% of world’s economy -increase of wealth inequality within nations -US: S. and SW. grew richer in last 3 decades relative to older industrial regions of Midwest

// Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities //
-(1925-1950) migration from rural areas to urban centers increased threefold in developing nations -