Chapter+23+Guided+Reading

A.P. World History Guided Reading Chapter 23“Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas (1800 – 1890)”
 * Terms:**
 * 1.** **Junta Central** – A political body created by Spanish patriots while fighting against the French to administer the areas the Spain controlled. The Junta was viewed as a temporary patriotic institution created to govern Spain while the King Ferdinand VII remained a French prisoner.
 * 2.** **Creoles** – Colonial-born whites
 * 3.** **Personalist leaders** – Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws.
 * 4.** **//Caudillo//** – In Latin America, a personalist who gained and held political power without constitutional sanction
 * 5.** **Abolitionists** – Men and women who wanted to outlaw slavery
 * 6.** **American Anti-Slavery Society** – Women served on the executive committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society and produced some of the most effective propaganda against slavery.
 * 7.** **Acculturation** - The modification of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of a group as a result of contract with people from another culture.
 * 8.** **Development** – One of two economic tracks, leading to industrialization and prosperity
 * 9.** **Underdevelopment** – One of two economic tracks, continuing colonial dependence on exporting raw materials and on low-wage industries.


 * Places / Colonies / New Countries:**
 * 10.** **Caracas** – The capital city of modern Venezuela; also where a revolutionary Junta led by creoles declared independence in 1811.
 * 11.** **Gran Colombia** – Bolivar tried to forge Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into this single nation but his initiative failed.
 * 12.** **Buenos Aires** – The capital city of modern Argentina and was the center of revolutionary activity in Spanish South America. After Ferdinand VII’s abdication, a junta overthrew the viceroy in 1810. They claimed loyalty to the imprisoned king, but after Ferdinand regained the Spanish throne, junta leaders declared independence as the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in 1816.
 * 13.** **Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata** – Created in 1776 and included modern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia.
 * 14.** **Río de Janeiro** – The Portuguese military force from here forced King John VI to permit the creation of juntas
 * 15.** **Confederation of 1867** – Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial government of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.
 * 16.** **Republic** **of Central America** – After the overthrow of Iturbide’s imperial rule in Mexico in 1823, regional politicians split with Mexico and created the independent Republic of Central America.
 * 17.** **Confederate States of America**

20. **José de San Martín** – (1778-1850) Leader of a force of Chileans and Argentines who crossed the Andes Mountains to attack Spanish military forces in Chile and Peru**.** Most of his effective troops were slaves and guachos (cowboys of the Argentine prairies). He gained victory in Chile but failed to gain a clear victory in Peru in 1820. Eventually, he surrendered command in Peru to Bolivar.
 * Individuals / Peoples:**
 * 18.** **King Ferdinand VII** – King of Spain before Napoleon forced him to step down from the throne and was then held as a French prisoner. He was restored to the throne in 1814 after the defeat of Napoleon.
 * 19.** **Simón Bolívar** – (1783-1830) The top military leader of the independence movement in Spanish South America (creoles declaring independence). He used his personality to mobilize political support and to hold the loyalty of his troops. Bolivar had harsh methods to ensure victory.
 * 21.** **Miguel Hidalgo y Costillo** – A priest of the small town of Dolores who attracted thousands on September 16th, 1810 for people to rise up against the oppression of Spanish officials. He was captured, tried, and executed in 1811.
 * 22.** **José Maria Morelos** – A former student of Miguel Hidalgo who continued and led Hidalgo’s revolution after 1811. He was a better military and political leader than Hidalgo and ended up creating a strong fighting force and in 1813, organized a congress that declared independence and drafted a constitution. He was defeated and executed in 1815.
 * 23.** **Agustin de Iturbide** – In 1821, he and other loyalist commanders created an alliance with remaining rebels from Hidalgo and Morelos’ revolution and declared Mexico’s independence. As a result, there was a monarchial form of government and Iturbide was crowned as emperor. In 1823, the army overthrew Iturbide and Mexico became a republic.
 * 24.** **King John VI (Joao VI)** – After the defeat of Napoleon in Europe, the Portuguese government called for King John VI to return to Portugal. He resisted at first but needed to protect his throne so by 1821, he returned to Portugal. His son was Pedro.
 * 25.** **Benito Juarez** – (1806-1872) President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico’s resistance to a French invasion in 1863 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.
 * 26.** **Tecumseh and Prophet** – Brothers and Shawnee leaders who created a larger and better organized alliance among Amerindian peoples in the Ohio River Valley and gained some support from Great Britain. Tecumseh died in the War of 1812.
 * 27.** **Mapuches (Araucanians)** – Pg 609
 * 28.** **Frederick Douglass** – Former slave who became one of the most effective abolitionist speakers and writers.


 * Events / Wars:**
 * 29.** **U.S.** **Civil War**
 * 30.** **War of 1812** – War fought between United States and England
 * 31.** **Trail of Tears** – Nearly half of the forced migrants of the Indian Removal Act died on their journey to land west of the Mississippi River.
 * 32.** **Caste War** – A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901.
 * 33.** **Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls** – An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. They met to discuss women’s rights.


 * Legislation:**
 * 34.** **Indian Removal Act of 1830** – The act passed by Congress forcing the resettlement of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and other eastern peoples to land west of the Mississippi River.
 * 35.** **Emancipation Proclamation** – Issued by President Lincoln. It ended slavery in rebel states not occupied by the Union army.
 * 36.** **Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882** – Eliminated most Chinese immigration after the wave of racism against Chinese.