Chapter8-9testwhap

Crusades and their results The Council of Clermont Success of many cities in Italy and Flanders Revival of Western Europe (1000-1200) Kievan Russia and power Vladimir I choosing Orthodox Christianity over Islam Monasticism Responsibilities of monasteries and convents Challenges of the Roman Catholic Church after 10th century Rise of the mounted warrior Europe from 300 to 1200 as “feudal” Byzantine cultural achievements “plague of Justinian” Byzantine Empire loss of territory Byzantines – how different than west Great Schism Europe up to the year 1200 Sufism Muslim women The great vision of the shari’a Muslim fighting the European Crusades The ulama Umayyad Spain The caliphs standing army Abbasid rule The Umayyad dynasty Arab armies Muhammad’s revelations Muslim religious practice
 * Pray 5 times a day
 * Visit Mecca once
 * Practice Ramadan
 * Follow the basic practices
 * Be able to read the Qua'an in its original state

Why Muhammad conceived Islam Mecca Division of the Muslim

Ch.8 The Rise of Islam Outline

Shiites-Party of Ali (and descendents) Sunni- Sunna or traditional community

__Origin of Islam__ Arabs of 600 C.E. -Before Muhammad -Farmers and Sailors (pastoral nomads) -Desert isolated interior (Arabia) -Caravan trading with nomad dominance -Camel saddles contributed to rise of Arab caravan cities and primary animal power -by 600 C.E. wheels -Mecca; late blooming caravan city -prosperity due to trade and isolation (too far away to attack) -cubical shrine known as the Ka’ba (idols, holy well ZamZam, sacred precinct) -pilgrimage- killing was prohibited so it was very easy -Abraham “built” the Ka’ba -Muhammad in Mecca -born in 570 as orphan living with uncle -married Quraysh, widow of Khadija; son died but some daughters survived -610 began to meditating in mountains around Mecca -“Night of Power and Excellence”: Gabriel appeared to him, but he stayed quiet for 3 years -Revalations continued till death in 632 -Arabs believe in unseen spirits, gods spirits demons etc -Muhammad preached of one true god, and that he was the last prophet -Muslim “submission” to the will of god (Islam) -Islam considered Jews and Christians negligent in preserving God’s Word -No “editing” process -Formulation of Umma -Mecca feared Muhammad threatened their power and prosperity -He had to flee from Mecca in 622 to Medina, whose people offered to protect him -Those with Muhammad and Medinans formed Umma, or “ Messengers of God” -Prayed towards Ka’ba because 3 Jewish kin choose to retain faith -Revelations provided framework regulating social and legal affairs -Stirred Muslims to fight against non-believing city of Mecca -Strength showed Meccans that God was favored Muhammad -630 Mecca surrendered and Muhammad went on pilgrimage unharmed -Common faith in single god -Muhammad charged kin groups of Jews with disloyalty -died of illness -Abu Bakr was chosen as successor of Muhammad as a caliph -continued Muhammad’s teachings (5 pillars) 1) avowal only one god and Muhammad as his messenger 2) pray 5 times a day 3) fast during Ramadon 4) pay alms 5) pilgrimage once to Mecca in lifetime -some abandoned faith/allegiance to Medina -had Muhammad’s revelations organized into Qur’an -disagreement over caliphate -Ali was believed ruler as cousin (natural heir) -Muhammad’s wife and close friends believed this -Ali was assassinated; son chose his son to be Caliph (Umayyad Caliphate) -Shiites-believe Ali as rightful ruler -Sunna-supported first 3 caliphs chosen by the people __Rise and Fall of the Caliphate__ -Islamic conquests -began under Umar (2nd Caliph); expansion of Syria, Egypt, Sasanid, and Tunisia -Islam expanded peacefully by trade before and after 1000 -flexible military; Medina ensured obedience -Umar prohibited Arabs from assuming land of conquered territories, holding armies together -preserved wildlife -no evidence of spread of Islam during conquest -Umayyad and Abbasid -Umayyad ruler over ethnic Arabs rather than religious Muslims -gradually replaced non-Muslims and changed government language to Arabic -gold and silver coins but fell in 750 -converts to Islam were important because of comparatively small number of Arab warriors -Shiites attacked Umayyad family’s legitimacy as rulers, leading to rebellions -Khurasan overthrew Shiites, and last Umayyad caliph in 750 rebellion Abbasid caliph; ended by Mongol invaders in 1258 -Theology and religion law preoccupations at court among community of scholars; Qur’an -some caliphs wanted to translate works of Greek, Persian, and Indian thought -complex government in Baghdad -more nonArabs became Muslim, and government became more cosmopolitan -multicultural literary works with paper making from China -adopted customs of Sasanid shahs -wrote wine songs even though alcohol was prohibited for praise -Early Abbasid “golden age” -Islam spread, but Arabs became more cosmopolitan, losing attachment to kinsman and identity -Political Fragmentation -Abbasid decline in 2nd half of 9th century with increase conversion to Islam -Empire was to vast and no emperor could ever hold power -news traveled very slowly and revolts often occurred -didn’t serve interest of all people -more revolts targeted Muslim/Arabic communities -caliph didn’t trust generals and troops so he hired slaves from central asia as soldiers -effective but expensive -when they couldn’t pay they assumed they seated/unseated rulers -fell to mountain warriors; caliph controlled by Buyid princes -salt=gold -Ghana-first known new exchange system -North African stats lost independence; Fatimids conquered Egypt -Some writers/thinkers worded in Muslim Spain; religious philosophy -Religious workers expressed lover of other subjects -political diversity contrube to Abbasid decline -Ulamar-arabic scholars against permanent division of Umma -Assault from within and without -1030’s Turky ruled; cities shrank -irrigation, lack of maintenance, taxes fell -factional riots between Sunnis and Shiites -canal system for irrigation collapsed -Seljuk empire -first crusade- Jerusalem -Muslims unified to fight Europe -Mamluk ruled -nonMuslim ruled most of 13th century -destroyed civilian populations __Islamic Civilization__ -Law -Sharia, law of Muslim -laws to govern social and religious life -Hadith precise words or deeds of Muhammad -many were rituals -Sharia embodied vision of Umma -Converts and Cities -escaped from tax more than religion, helping spur of urbanization “there is no god but god, and Muhammad is the messenger of god -non arab muslims had to figure out what being muslim was all about -suffered discrimination in Christian and Jewish communities -urban growth before countryside (migration) -10th century expanded consumer market -science and technology-doctors and astronomers with complex theories -Islam women and slaves -women seldom traveled -rural faming and urban animal seclusion -influential roles in family but no public roles -4 wives, many slaves -women inherited land and retained it in marriage -right to remarry cash upon divorce -practice birth control, testify in court, counting as half of a man -pilgrimaged to mecca -islam ok with slaves, but not of other muslims or people of the book 0slave women and muslim men = free offspring