Chapter+9+Outline

Chapter 9: Christian Europe Emerges -**Charlemagne**- King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival -**Medieval**- “middle ages,” a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance -**Byzantine Empire**- historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from “Byzantion,” an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453 -**Kievan Russia**- state established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population __The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200__ -Byzantine emperors established Christianity as official religion -inherited imperial law intact and combined politics with Christian church -military pressure from N/S prevented long periods of peace

//An Empire Beleaguered//
-(634-650) Arab armies destroyed Sasanid Empire - captured Byzantine, Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia -(1453) Byzantine empire fell to Muslim -**schism**- a formal split within a religious community -(1054) Latin church vs. Orthodox Church

//Society and Urban Life//
-common for barter to replace money transaction -decline in population and wealth -class of local urban notables almost vanished -increase in power of high-ranking aristocrats and the imperial court and rural landowners -(7th century) women were confined and were veiled -socialized only with family -(1028-1056) women ruled alongside with husbands in Byzantine empire -Byzantine emperors monopolize trade and organized shipment -declined technological development and economic innovation -aristocrats were able to buy rare expensive goods

//Cultural Achievements//
-Constantinople’s Hagia Sophia cathedral -Byzatine religious art )stiff images of holy figures w/ gold backgrounds) influenced painting in W. Europe -Byzantine musical traditions affected medieval Latin churches -writing system called Cyrillic after Cyril and Methodius -cyrillic alphabet used among Russians and Slavic peoples of orthodox Christian faith -Roman alphabet used by Poles, Czechs, and Croatians =__Early Medieval Europe, 600-1000__=

//A Time of Insecurity//
-(711) party of Arabs and Berbers defeated kingdom of Visigoths in Spain and conquered Iberian Peninsula -moved to France and occupied north to Tours -(732) stopped by Charles Martel (Charlesmagne’s grandpoppy) -Carolingian family- protector sof Franksih kings then becoming kings (Pepin, Charlemange’s father) and emperors -Caroligian Empire conquered all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy -(after Louis the Pious died) Treaty of Verdun (843) split empire into three parts -France, Burgundy, and Germany…never reunited, but kept common heritage -(793) Vikings attacked English coast -(800s and 900s) Vikins settled on Icleand and Greenland -(100) Vinland on N. tip of Newfoundland -seized Normandy -(1066) William the Conqueror invaded England andended anglo-Sazon domination -(1060s) Normans defeated Muslim Sicily

//A Self-Sufficient Economy//
- new Germanic rulers cared little of the Romans -population decline, road failure, abandoned villages, and buildings not maintained -decline in Roman literature caused growth of Germanic culture traditions - northern countries diet: beer, lard/butter, bread, pork, game - southern Roman diet: wheat, wine, olive oil - **manors**- in medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord’s residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land -primary agricultural production -landowners became warriors or had armed men to protect land -fortification increased until 12th century -**serfs**- in medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord’s property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom wasn’t abolished until 1861 -unable to leave manor or be with another lord

//Early Medieval Society in the West//
-warriors gained bootsy from raiding -(10th century) lord became mounted warriors -feudalism- kigs and lords giving land to vassals in return for swaorn military support -(11th century) knights had specific uniform with helmet and hauberk studded with metal disks -**fief**- a grant of land in return for a pledge to provide military service -hold land and loyalty for different lords -“typical medieval realms”- lands directly owned by a king/ count and administered by his royal officers -vassals can grant land to own vassals -men marrying widow/daughter of a lord w/ no sons could gain lord’s property -noble children had little voice in marriage matters (used for alliances) -women could own land/ controlled estates if husband is away -performed agricultural tasks -spun, wove, sewed -Bayeux Tapestry (about William the Conqueror’s invasion of England in 1066) created soley by women =__The Western Church__= -**Papacy**- central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head -bishop councils set canons (rules) to regulate priests and lapeople -church conflicts: polytheism, prohibitation against marriage of clergy, simony, nepotism
 * -vassals**- in medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord

//Politics and the Church//
__//­//__-(962) Pope crowns first “Holy Roman Emperor” -**Holy Roman Empire**- loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by tan emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962-1806 -pope had control of all clergy and church property -(1073) Pope Gregory VII claimed: -pope will not be judged -Roman church has not/will not make a mistake -popes can dispose/restore bishops -call councils and enforce canon law -get rid of emperors -forgive loyal subjects -princes should kiss popes feet -**investiture controversy-** dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands -(1076) Henry IV excommunicated and disposed by Gregory in 1079 -Henry IV kicked Gregory to Salerno -Concordat of Worms to reduce tension- Henry V gave up right to choose bishops and aboots/ give spirtual symbols upon them <-> Pope Calixtus II let emperor invest bishops and abbots with any lay rights or obligations -(1154) Henry II made juries and appointed justices to enforce laws -(1162) persuaded Becket to become a archbishop who soon sided with church -punished later for his knights murdered Becket (1170)

//Monasticism//
-monastic scribes preserved Latin works -spread Christianity, took in abandoned orphans, organized agriculture, provide refuge for woman  =__Kievan Russia, 900-1200__=
 * -Monasticism-** living in a religious community apart from secular society and ahering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. Prominent elemnt of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning & literacy in medieval Europe

//The Rise of the Kievan State//
-east-west zones created by territory between Black and Caspian Seas in the south and the Baltic and White Seas in the north -rivers: Volga, Dnieper, and the Don -(Roman times) Germanic, Iranian, and west Slavics peoples migrated into E. Europe -those who didn’t migrate spoke eastern Slavic language -Fins and related people in north, Turkic speakers in south -cooperation with forest dwellers, farmers, and steppe nomads -Khazar kingdom (centered around Volga River’s mouth) held markets for trading forest products, slaves, goods, and (Byzantine and Islamic) coins -Varangian princes and druzhinas (military retainers) lived in cities while trading or defending city -Rus of the City of Kiev moderated Dnieper River’s trade -Rus of Novgorod controlled trade on the Volga -(980) Vladimir returned from exile and became grand prince of Kievan Russia (formerly ruler of Novgorod -built temple with 6 gods that Slavic people worshipped -didn’t convert to Islam due to band of alcohol -rejected Judaism because believed a true god wouldn’t have let the Jewish kingdom be destroyed -(988) converted to Orthodox Christianity -opened churches, Orthodox clerics, and missionaries -Constantinople patriarch appointed chief bishop at Kiev to govern religious issues -introduced writing with Cyrillic alphabet -prevented expansion of Latin Christianity

//Society and Culture//
-gained political power throw trade instead of landholding -never created manorial agricultural system -shifting cultivation -druzhina focused on breeding horses -population of Kiev and Novgorod: 30/50,000 -cities made into centers for craft development -artisans had higher status -resistance to gradual Christian conversion -(11th century) several polytheist uprisings -some rejected Christian burial and wanted to resume cremation -women used polytheist designs for clothing/bracelets and had polytheist priests to give charms to sick children -traditional Slavic marriage practices with casual and polygamous relations -(12th century) Christian clergy involved in govt.

=__Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200__=

//Role of Technology//
-(1000-1200) population doubled due to technology increase -new type of plow and draft harnesses for pulling wagons -iron horseshoes made to protect efficient horses’ feet -horses increased productivity by reducing plowing time compared to oxen -**horse collar**- harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal’s neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles -(500) breast-strap harness preferred in S. Europe -agricultural surplus

//Cities and the Rebirth of Trade//
-communes- group of leading citizens who cooperated to defend their cities and demand the privilege of self-government from their lay/religious leader -cities focused on manufacturing and trade -attracted countryside workers with laws such as making serfs free when entered into city -city growth caused new construction -Pisa built a new wall (1000) and expanded it (1156), Florence, Brescia, Pavia, Siena -(11th century) Venice became dominate in Adriatic Sea -competed with Pisa and Genoa for control over trade with Muslim ports in N. Africa and E. Mediterranean -trading in Indian Ocean/ Silk Road included types of alum, wax, cotton, indigo, ginger, paper, sugar, spices, oranges -(1201) England wool industry expanded -(9th and 10th century) gold coins traded from Muslim land and Byzantine Empire -Caroligian silver penny used since coin was too expensive -(12th century) silver coin minting in Scandinavia, Poland, and outlying regions

=__The Crusades, 1095-1204__= -**Crusades**- (1096-1291) armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe’s centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation

//The Root of Crusades//
-Latin Church leaders popularized the Truce of God to soften society’s warlike tone and limited fighting between Christian lords -specified times of truce (Lent and Sundays) -rulers wanted to look for more land to conquer -Italian merchants wanted to increase E. Meditterrean and gain Muslim trading posts -**Pilgrimages**- journey to a sacred shrine by Christian seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings -(11th century) Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus broke up and left small successor states to be attacked by northern Christians -(1492) last Muslim kingdom forfeited and started movement of reconquest -Muslim rulers had tolerated and protected Christian pilgrims -(1071) Byzantine emperor defeated at Battle of Manzikert by Seljuk army and security weakened with spread of Turkish nomads -Byzantine’s decline threatened Christian centers -Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine emperor) asked pope and W. European rulers to aid him for protection against Muslims and reconquer Holy Land (early centers of Christianity in Palestine and Syria) -(1095) Pope Urban II called for people to cooperate to fight Muslims and regain Holy Land in Council of Clermont -(1099) First Crusade captured Jerusalem and established four crusader principalities (Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was most important) -(1187) Muslim retook Jerusalem -(1204) 4th Crusade commanders wanted to sack Constantinople to pay for army transportation and morale had fallen

//The Impact of the Crusades//
-Europeans became exposed to Muslim culture -started to manufactured pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, and formerly imported items -Arab and Iranian literature and commentaries expanded thought -Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122?-1204) went with King Louis VII of France (husband) on Second Crusade -no male offspring led to annulment and she married Henry of Anjou (1151) who inherited Henry II’s throne (England) -sons Richard Lionheart as Saladin’s enemy in Third Crusade (1189-1192) and John succeeded Henry’s throne -had troubadour (poet-singers) composed melodies with music based on idea of “courtly love” (influenced European’s idea of romance) -idea instrument was the lute (guitar-like instrument with a bulging shape whose design and name came from Muslim Spain)

=__Conclusion __= -Byzantine gained supremacy of imperial office and teamed up with Christian Church -king and church’s laws were contrasting each other -role of religion in medieval Europe complicated by competition between Orthodox and Catholic forms of Christianity -(1204) Byzantine emperors temporarily lost power and capital to western crusaders -technology and commerce increased with changes in military techniques -growing population and need of food increased maritime commerce in Mediterranean and North Seas -Byzantine Empire slowly fell behind in prosperity and cultural innovation