Chapter+30+Guided+Reading

“**Striving for Independence: Africa, India, and Latin America, 1900 – 1949”**
 * Guided Reading Chapter 30**
 * Terms:**
 * 1.** **African National Congress** – founded by Western-educated lawyers and journalists in South Africa in 1909 to defend the interests of Africans
 * 2.** **Viceroy** - governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign
 * 3.** **Indian Civil Service –** more honest bureaucracies of all time; drawn mostly from English gentry; liked to think of India as land of lords and peasants and believe it was their duty to protect Indian people from dangers of industrialization
 * 4.** **Indian National Congress** – Political organization founded by a small group of English-speaking Hindu professionals in 1885; petitioned the government fro access to the higher administrative positions and voice in official decisions
 * 5.** **All-India Muslim League** – founded by Muslims who were fearful of Hindu dominance
 * 6.** **//ahimsa//** - nonviolence
 * 7.** **//satyagraha//** – the search for truth
 * 8.** **//harijan//** – “children of God” (Gandhi called farmers and outcasts this)
 * “Liberty, Order, Progress”** - see Porfirio Diaz
 * 9.** **//pan o palo//** – bread or the stick – policy of order by Porfirio Diaz
 * 10.** **National Revolutionary Party (PNR)** – Founded by Plutarco Elias Calles, President Obregon’s successor; a forum where all the pressure groups and vested interests worked out compromises; establishment of PNR gave Mexican Revolution a second wind
 * 11.** **Mexican Revolutionary Party (PRM)** – Formally National Revolutionary Party and renamed by Lazaro Cardenas
 * 12.** **pampas** – flat, fertile land (in Argentina)
 * 13.** **//oligarquia//** – small group of wealthy landowners
 * 14.** **import-substitution industrialization**
 * 15.** **//favelas//**


 * Individuals / Peoples:**
 * 17.** **Blaise Diagne** – (from Senegal), he agitated for African participation in politics and fair treatment in the French army.
 * 18.** **W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey** – Pan-Africanists from America who advocated the unity of African peoples around the world, as well as European ideas of liberty and nationhood.
 * 19.** **Haile Selassie** – Emperor (of Ethiopia?) who led his own troops into Addis Ababa, his capital, and reclaimed his title. (ousted Italians from Ethiopia; millions of Africans served as soldiers)
 * 20.** **Mohandas K. Gandhi** – (1869-1948) Known to followers as “Mahatma,” the “great soul.”
 * 21.** **Jawaharlal Nehru** – Gandhi’s designated/chosen successor to be leader of the Indian National Congress; highly educated nationalist and subtle thinker; looked forward to creating a modern industrial India
 * 22.** **Muhammad Ali Jimnah** – (1876-1948) Leader of Muslim League who demanded what many Muslims had been dreaming of for years: a country of their own, the be called Pakistan.
 * 23.** **Porfirio Diaz –** (1830-1915) General who ruled Mexico for 34 years under the motto “Liberty, Order, Progress.” “Liberty” meant freedom for rich hacienda owners and foreign investors to acquire more land. Government imposed “order” through rigged elections. “Progress” meant the importing of foreign capital, machinery, and technicians to take advantage of Mexico’s labor, soil, and natural resources.
 * 24.** **Francisco I. Madero** – Son of a wealthy landowning and mining family; educated in US; became president of Mexico until overthrown two years later.
 * 25.** **Emiliano Zapata** – Peasant leader who aroused opposition towards Madero. He led a revolt against the haciendas in the mountains of Morelos; burned hacienda buildings with army, and returned land to Indian villages to its original owners
 * 26.** **Francisco “Pancho” Villa** – (1877-1923) Former ranch hand, mule driver, and bandit; organized army of 3000 men, seized land from large haciendas, created family ranches from them.
 * 27.** **Diego Rivera** – painter of political murals
 * 28.** **Lazaro Cardenas** – Chosen by Calles to be president in 1934; brought peasants’ and workers’ organizations into the party, renamed it the Mexican Revolutionary Party instead of PNR; set to work implementing reforms promised in Constitution of 1917
 * 29.** **Getulio Vargas**
 * 30.** **Juan Peron**
 * 31.** **Eva Duarte Peron (“Evita”)**


 * Important Events:**
 * 32.** **The “Walk to the Sea”** – 80-mile walk led by Gandhi, who gathered salt from the sea in a blatant and well-publicized act of civil disregard for the government’s monopoly on salt.
 * 33.** **The “Quit India” campaign** – Began when British offered to give India its independence once the war ended… Gandhi called the offer a “postdated cheque on a failing bank” and demanded full independence immediately
 * 34.** **The Indian Famine of 1943** – Caused by Japanese conquest of Burma, which cut off supplies of Burmese rice that normally went to Bengal.
 * 35.** **Mexican Revolution** – It developed haphazardly, led by a series of ambitious but limited leaders, each representing a different segment of Mexican society