Ch+24+outline

__Ch 24 Africa, india, and the New British Empire 1750-1870__ Changes & Exchanges in Africa __New africa states__ __Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia__ =__ British’s eastern Empire __= -colonies & commerce v 1795 and 1796 Britist forces occupied the Cape colony, strategic dutch port of Malacca on strait between the Indian Ocean & the southern China sea, and island od Ceylon v also occupied Dutch Guiana, Trinidad -1811 got island of java, center of Netherlands east Indian empire -also island of Mauritius v 1836 & 1839 Afrikaners embarked in “Great Trek” v After java was returned to the Dutch, British east India company established a new free port at Singapore in 1824 -- Singapore became center of trade =__Changes and Exchanges in Africa__=
 * 1870 africa under went dynamic political changes and great expansion of foriegn trade
 * Palm oil, ivory timber abd gold grew sharply because british pressure stopped extrenal slave trade
 * Zulu kingdom- out of the conflict for grazing and farming lands, an upstart military genius named shaka created Zulu kingdom
 * the sokota caliphate was the largest state in west africa sice the fall of songhai in the 16 century
 * Muhannad Ali had done alot of good work in egypt and got the money through cotton cultivation and other crops for exports
 * He was working to modernize egypt and it was well inder way by 1848
 * population doubled, trade with europe expanded by almost 600% and a new class of educated egyptians had begun to replace the old ruling aristocracy
 * egyptians providing themselves with textiles paper, weapons, and military uniforms
 * Ali grandson takes over 1863-1879
 * more emphasis on westernizing egypt
 * egypts debts to british and french investors led to the countrys partial occupation
 * Ethiopia created strong armies
 * Tewodros built a giant cannon capable of firing a half-ton shell
 * holding some british officials captive backfired on them when british invaded
 * 1750 britian’s empire was centered on slave-based plantations and settler colonies in Americas.
 * But a century later main focus was commercial networks and colonies in East

//New Africa States//
-(1750-1870) sub-Saharan Africa divided into two parts of new states --Zulu kingdom in S. Africa --Sokoto Caliphate in W. Africa -Neguni of SE. Africa depended on cattle and agriculture -**Zulu-** a people of modern S. Africa whom King Shaka (r. 1818-1828) united in 1818 - -strict military drill and close combat warfare; powerful fighters --raided African neighbors to expand kingdom across the Limpopo River and north to Lake Victoria --grouped loyal regiments by age --showed wealth with amount of cattle -Swazi allied with Zulu -Lesotho kingdom gained refuges -(1770s) Muslim scholars started reforming Islam practice --jihad (holy war) to add new lands, where governments enforced and promoted Islamic laws --largest movement: Hausa states led by Usuman dan Fodio of Fulani ---(1804) called to overthrow king of Gobir --largest W. African state after 16th century fall of Songhai - -sold captives to Atlantic and trans-Saharan slave trade - -(1865) holded more slaves than in America --slaves raised food -new Muslim schools were centers for Islamic learning and reformation -non-Muslims paid special tax to practice own religion --suppressed of public religious performances -forced conversion during jihad
 * -Sokoto Caliphate-** (1809-1906) a large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now N. Nigeria

//Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia//
-modernization**-** the process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of W. societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-western societies --successor to Napoleon’s rule --strengthen Egyptian army to prevent European conquest --transformed Egyptian landholding, increased agricultural production, and created modern administration and army --required peasants to cultivated export crops --first to apply W. methods and technology for modernization that were combined with Islamic traditions --(near reign’s end) population doubled, trade expanded 600%, and new educated Egyptian class began to replace old aristocracy -grandson Ismail (r. 1863-1879) increased European advisers in Egypt and debts to French and British banks - -revenues increased thirty-fold and exports doubled --(1870) new irrigation canals, railrods, postal service, and Cairo -Ethiopia under imperial rule with Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1833-1868) and Yohannes IV (r. 1872-1889) - -Shoa kindom ruled by Menelik from 1865 outside Tewodros’ rule --(1889) Shoa united with Ethiopia to create modern Ethiopian borders - -(1840s) rulers purchased European weapons and created strong loyal armies --Tewodros encouraged local weapon manufacturing --Tewodros committed suicide to avoid being prisoner of British invasion after holding British officials captive-> British withdrew afterwards
 * -Muhammad Ali-** (1769-1849) leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. Ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until 1952’s overthrown.

//European Penetration//
-Algeria supplied grain to Napoleon during his 1798 Egypt invasion - -dispute caused by France’s failure to repay debt - -(1827) diplomatic relations ended - -(1830) attacted by France and war lasted 18 years ---French government overthrown - -Algerians united by ‘Abd al-Qadir ---(1847) captured and exiled but French occupiers faced 30 more years of resistance -explorers converted millions of African into Christianity - -explored Niger River’s direction of flow (1795) and Niger Delta entering to the Gulf of Guinea (1830) --Nile’s annual floods attracted explorers -Lake Tana of Ethiopia (1770) and Lake Victoria (1861-1862) as major source -David Livingston (1813-1873, Scottish) searched for Christian mission locations and traced course of Zambezi River (1853-1856) - -named waterfall for Queen Victoria - -(1871) met Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904) -- -(1874-1877) descended to Congo River’s mouth

//Abolition and Legitimate Trade//
-(1750-1870) European trade relations with W. Africa remained dominant -(1730-1780s, 1870) African value of trade doubled - -slave, vegetable oils, gold, ivory -(1790s) St. Domingue’s revolt ended Atlantic slave trade - -ended West Indies and Americas slave trade -(1808) Britain and United States made slave trade from Africa illegal -Britain sent enforcement of the ban and negotiated treaties for searching suspected vessels carrying slaves - -spent 60 million dollars to end slave trade --captured 1635 slave ships and freed 160,000 slaves -Cuba and Brazil still imported slaves -(1867) trans-Saharan slave trade ended -**“legitimate trade”** **–**exports from Africa in the 19th century that didn’t include the newly outlawed slave trade - -increase in gold and palm oil exports --coastal traders became rich and bought slaves to paddle canoes transporting palm oils - -Niger Delta allowed slaves to gain wealth and power -(1808) Britain took over Sierra Leone as anti-slave-trade naval center - -130,000 freed - -schools held distinguished graduates ---Samuel Adjai Crowther (1808-1891) as first Anglican bishop in W. Africa (1864) ---James Africanus Horton (1835-1882) as doctor and author - -Christian missionaries settled them in Freetown -Republic of Liberia- (1821, southern Sierra Leone) place of liberty at a time when United States’ slavery was legal and flourishing -(1875) African-Americans moved to Opobo -freed blacks in Brazil and Cuba brought Old World influences to New World
 * -recaptives-** African rescued by Britain’s Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the 19th century and restored to free status

//Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa//
-(19th century) 2/3 of 1.2 million E. African slaves went to N. Africa and Middle East markets; 1/3 went to American plantations and European-controlled Indian Ocean islands -(1800-1873) Arab and Swahili purchased 700,000 slaves to work in clove plantations -Zanzibar as center of slaves and ivory -Tippu Tip (ca. 1830-1905) created largest personal empires in upper Congo River -Europeans sold weapons and purchased ivory and cloves -(1857) Britain pressured Oman sultan to stop Indian Ocean slave trade from Zanzibar and ended slave import into Zanzibar (1873) -(1821) Muhammad Ali created Khartoum, later capital of Egyptian Sudan, during upper Nile conquest - -invaded Sudan to have slaves for army

=__India Under British Rule__=

//Company Men//
-(1739) Iranian armies defeated Mughal forces and invaded Delhi -**nawabs-** a Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor -(18th century) British, Dutch, and French companies wanted to expand trade with India -(1691) Great Britain’s East India Company convince Bengal nawab to build outpost at Calcutta - -(1756) new nawab destroyed fort and imprisoned Eic men - -EIC force led by Robert Cliver overthrew Nawab -(1765) East India Company ruled Bengal - -(1788) Calcutta’s population increased to 250,000 -Clive used EIC forces to let British Indian candidate win position of nawab for Arcot -defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore secured S. India for EIC -(1818) EIC gained advantage in Bombay with “Bombay Presidency”
 * -sepoys-** a soldier in S. Asia, especially in British service

//Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857//
-**British raj-** the rule over much of S. Asia between 1765-1947 by the EIC and then by the British govt. - -remake India with British influence -- -main policy: create powerful, efficient governmental system -- -2nd: disarm 2 million warriors and turn them to civilian tasks - --3rd: allow Christian missionaries power ---4th: substitue ownership of private property --- -easier to collect taxes --created new jobs with growth of trade --competition from cheap British cotton goods drove may Indians out of textile industry ---India increasingly shipped raw cotton fibers to Britain -holy men expanded traditional power -princes, holy men, and other Indians used excuse of tradition to resist British rule -woman and poor were further suppressed -(1848) Bengali sepoys resented active recruitment of other ethnic groups into the army -(1856) high caste Hindues objected to law requiring new recruits to be available for service overseas -(1857) replacement of Enfield rifle with animal fat caused religious problems -(May 1857- March 1858) Hindu sepoys rebelled and challenged British authority -**Sepoy Rebellion**- revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; aka the Sepoy Mutiny --beginning of India modernization --new centralized govt., rapid economic growth, and new national consciousness

//Political Reform and Industrial Impact//
-(1858) British eliminated last traces of Mughal and Company rule -(November 1858) Queen Victoria’s proclamation guaranteed all Indians equal protection of the law and freedom to practice their customs as long as there was loyalty to the queen -British continued to preserve tradition and reform until 1857 -(1877) Queen Victoria named as “Empress of India” -**durbars-** elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the 19th century, apparently in imitation of the Mughal Empires’ pageantry - -held senior administrative and judicial posts - -recruitment with open examinations in England, excluded Indians -- -(1870) only one Indian member due to racism -(1857) industrial Britain led to second Indian transformation --persuaded Indian farmers to grow cotton and jute and created irrigation systems ---Indian trade expanded - -some women found new, low paid jobs (prostitution) -Indian government promoted technology --(1940s) railroad boom and became India’s first transportation network owned by British companies -- -99% Indian workers with Europeans having top positions -- -(1870) 18 million passengers; (1900) 188 million - -telegraph lines -(19th century) movement caused spread of cholera (disease transmitted through water contaminated by human feces) that later spread to Europe -new sewerage system (1865) and filtered water supply (1869) in Calcutta reduced numbers of victims -(20th century) sanitary improvements lowered rates
 * -**Indian Civil Service**-** elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians

//Rising Indian Nationalism//
-Rammohun roy (1772-1833) promoted development with reduction of social and ethnic divisions and promotion of Pan-Indian nationalism --(founded in 1828) Brahmo Samaj (Divine Society) attracted Indians who wanted to reconcile Western values with ancient Indian traditions ---reform Hindu customs, caste system, encouraged Hinduism, and urged return of Upanishads principles (writings of Hinduism) -sati (1829) and slavery (1843) banned -repealed prohibition against widows remarrying (1856) and female infanticide considered a crime (1870) -(1849) European and American missionaries spread W. education - -(1870) 790,000 Indians in 24,000 school and three universities -Indian National Congress**- a movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence - -called for reductions in military fees - -promoted unity among groups  - -voiced opinions of elite Indians

=__Britain’s Eastern Empire__=

//Colonies and Commerce//
-Napoleon unable to restore French dominance overseas due to French Revolution’s defeats -Dutch ruler gave Dutch possessions overseas to British to avoid it being given to France --(1795-1796) British occupied Cape Colony, Dutch port of Malacca on the strait between the Indian Ocean and S. China Sea, and the island of Ceylon -Cape Colony ‘s Cape Town was an important supply station for ships making voyages between Britain and India --Dutch and French settlers called themselves “Afrikaners” to refer to themselves as permanent settlers of Africa ---(1836-1839) went on “Great Trek”, leaving Cape Colony to northern plateau that two decades of Zulu war has depopulated (1850) created foundation of the Afrikaner’s Orange Free State and Transvaal and the British colony of Natal -stopovers for shipping between Britain and British India -(1824) Thomas Stamford Raffles helped BEIC establish free port at Singapore --(1811-1814) governed Java during British occupation --Singapore became trade and shipping center between Indian Ocean and China ---formed “Strait Settlements” managed by B. India until 1867 -(after 1874) British expanded to Malaya -(1750) Burma became powerful kingdom --(1785) tried to conquer territories of Siam but failed against Thai leaders (1802) --war with B. India prevented Assam invasion ---(1826) India conquered Assam and N. Burma’s two coastal provinces permanent occupation with vital rice and timber production -- -(1852) India annexed Rangoon port and coastal Burma

//Imperial Policies and Shipping//
-(1870) Britain added several dozen colonies to 26 colonies owned in 1792 --goal for imperial expansion was trade, not territory --colonies served as ports or centers of production and distribution -free trade -uncolonized W. Asian parts became major exporters to Britain with vegetable oils -free E. Africa exported ivory -Britain and Europe received coffee, cocoa, indigo dyes, cotton fibers and tea imports -(1820s-1860s) African cotton cloth sales increased 950% -(1841-1870) British trade with India increased 350% --India’s exports increased 400% -iron fastening timbers together created larger vessels -**clipper ships**- large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late 19th century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts --lowered shipping costs and stimulated maritime trade --(1778-1860) increase British shipping tonnage by 400% -(after 1870) environmental challenges in SE. Asia after clearing of tropical forests for plantations

//Colonization of Australia and New Zealand//
-(1769-1778) Captain James Cook explored New Zealand and eastern coast of Australia --expanded shipping networks -populations of Australia and New Zealand were vulnerable to unfamiliar diseases --(1890s) 93,000 aboriginal Australians and 42,000 Maori survived with encounter of British -first permanent British settlers in Australia were 736 convicts -aborigines refers to the indigenous population -(1851) discovery of gold brought immigrants and ended penal colonies -(1860) Australia had a million immigrants doubling during next 15 years -(early 1820s) seals nearly became extinct with overhunting -(1860) military action overcoming Maori resistance, gold rush, faster ships, and financed passages attracted British settlers --(early 1880s) British Empire had 500,000 settlers -British encouraged settlers to be self-governing --followed 1867 model that formed Dominion of Canada --satisfied settlers’ desire for greater control over their own territories - -muted demands for independence --made the colonial governments responsible for most of their own expenses --Aborigines were outvoted by settlers or excluded from voting -(1901) unified Australia had a federation of 6 separate colonies -(1907) New Zealand had self-government -British policies with Canada and S. Pacific reflected avoidance of conflicts -(1897) law forcing Aborigines into reservations --lacked right of Australian citizenship -voters had to be literate in English - -Maori disqualified -(1867) 4 lower seats of legislature given to Maori -dominant sheep raising in New Zealand -(1894) New Zealand and Australia were first to grant women the right to vote

//New Labor Migrations//
-(1839) freedom of movement induced many to leave plantations -British colonies recruited new laborers to compete with sugar plantations using slave labor (Cuba, Brazil, and French Caribbean) -(1838) Indian labor trade moved to British Caribbean -(1841) British allowed Caribbean planters to recruit freed Africans -(1870) 40,000 Africans settled in British colonies -(1848) French and Dutch banned slavery -- colonies recruited over 150,000 new laborers -(1886) Cuba abolished slavery --(1847-1873) recruit 138,000 laborers from China -crowded accommodation in ship increased risks of cholera and other contagious diseases -**contracts of indenture**- a voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were European; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians -emigrants and indentured migrants had similarities - -earned modest salaries - -saved money to bring home --used earnings to buy land or start a business --difference was indentured laborers were poorer -those who signed the indentured contracts were trying to improve their lives

=__Conclusion__= -aggressive Europeans exploited African, Asian, and Pacific people -Europeans dominated trade -growing trade had mutual benefits -negative Britain’s expansion impacts were weavers of India and damage to seals and whales -(1750-1870) power shift to Europeans