Chapter+28+Guided+Reading

“**The Crisis of Imperial Order, 1900 – 1929”**
 * A.P. World History**
 * Guided Reading Chapter 28**
 * Terms: **
 * 1.** **“sick man of Europe”** – Ottoman Empire’s nickname; referred to by the Europeans because by late 19th century, Ottoman Empire fell behind economically, technologically, and militarily.
 * 2.** **“dreadnoughts”** – heavily armed battleships (by Germany, the most heavily industrialized country in Europe.)
 * 3.** **mobilization** – Western and central Europe had many railroad networks but few motor vehicles so mobilization of European forces into battle was an enormous project requiring thousands of trains running on precise schedules.
 * 4.** **belligerents –** country, group, or individual that starts or carries on a war
 * 5.** **Western Front** – A line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break (extending over 300 miles) from Switzerland to the North Sea
 * 6.** **// Lusitania //** - British ocean liner that became one of the German submarine victims. death toll from that attack was 1,198 people, 139 of them Americans.
 * 7.** **Zionism** - An international political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish People in Palestine
 * 8.** **Soviets** – councils (formed by works on strike)
 * 9.** **Cheka** – Secret police force with powers to arrest and execute opponents created by Lenin to enforce his rule in Russia.
 * 10.** **Paris** **Peace Conference** - dominated by three men: US president Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, and French premier Georges Clemenceau. The men were, "three all-powerful, all-ignorant men, sitting there and carving up continents."
 * 11.** **League of Nations** - World organization, proposed by Wilson, to safeguard the peace and foster international cooperation.
 * 12.** **“guilt clause”**- Obliged the Germans to accept "responsibility for causing all the loss and damage" of the war (after Germany signing the Treaty of Versailles)
 * 13.** **Red Army** - military organization of leadership under Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin.
 * 14.** **New Economic Policy (NEP)** - Announced by Lenin in March 1921 for Russia. It allowed peasants to own land and sell their crops, private merchants to trade, and private workshops to produce goods and sell them on the free market. Only biggest businesses remained under government ownership.
 * 15.** **The Society of the Righteous Fists**
 * 16.** **Revolutionary Alliance**
 * 17.** **The Guomindang**
 * 18.** **May Fourth Movement**
 * 19.** **Mandate System**
 * 20.** **// Kibbutzim //**
 * 21.** **The Palestinian question**
 * 22.** **// The Jazz Singer //**
 * Individuals / Peoples: **
 * 23.** **Archduke Franz Ferdinand** – Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary; he and his wife were killed on June 28th, 1914 when killed by Gavrilo Princip.
 * 24.** **Gavrilo Princep** – Member of a pro-Serbian conspiracy; killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand; ignited a war that spread throughout Europe.
 * 25.** **Theodore Herzl** – Leader of the nationalist movement called Zionism
 * 26.** **Chaim Weizmann** – Leader of the British Zionists; persuaded British politicians that a Jewish homeland in Palestine should be carved out of the Ottoman Empire and placed under British protection (by 1917)
 * 27.** **Alexander Kerensky** – The leader of the parliamentary parties (after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated) who formed a Provisional Government…. and began the “February Revolution”
 * 28.** **Vladimir Lenin** – Leader of the Bolsheviks, who are the rivals of the Mensheviks;
 * 29.** **Woodrow Wilson** – US president that wanted to stay out of the European conflict… but in on April 6th, 1917, Wilson asked the US Congress to declare war on German. High-minded idealist, wanted to apply the principle of self-determination to European affairs, by which he meant creating nations that reflected ethnic or linguistic divisions.
 * 30.** **David Lloyd George** - part of Paris Peace Conference - insisted that Germany pay a heavy indemnity (for damage made in war)
 * 31.** **Georges Clemenceau** - part of Paris Peace Conference - wanted Germany to give Alsace and Lorraine (a part of France before 1871) and the industrial Saar region to France and demanded that the Rhineland be detached from Germany to form a buffer state
 * 32.** **Leon Trotsky** - Military genius and army commander of superior Red Army (communists)
 * 33.** **Joseph Stalin** - general secretary of the Communist Party. Forced Trotsky to flee country in 1929. Prepared to industrialize the Soviet Union at great speed.
 * 34.** **Sun Yat-sen**
 * 35.** **Yuan Shikai**
 * 36.** **Emperor Puyi**
 * 37.** **Mustafa Kemal**
 * 38.** **Max Planck**
 * 39.** **Albert Einstein**
 * 40.** **Sigmund Freud**


 * Wars/Conflicts/Battles:**
 * 41.** **“The Great War”** – World War I
 * 42.** **Arab Revolt of 1916** – Led by Hussein ibn Ali’s son Faisal in support of the British advance from Egypt into Palestine and Syria. Hussein was promised by the British that he would get a kingdom of his own if he would lead an Arab revolt against the Turks.
 * 43.** **Russian Civil War (1918 – 1921)**


 * Treaties/Alliances/Declarations: **
 * 44.** **Triple Alliance** – Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary in 1882
 * 45.** **Entente** – “understanding;” France allied itself with Russia, then Britain joined France in an Entente, then Britain and Russia set their differences aside and formed an Entente.
 * 46.** **Balfour Declaration** – Statement issued by Britain’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine; led to conflicts between Palestinians and Jewish settlers
 * 47.** **Treaty of Brest-Litovsk** – By this treaty, signed on March 3rd, 1918, Russia lost territories containing a third of its population and wealth. Poland, Finland, and the Baltic states became independent republics. Russian colonies in Central Asia and the Caucasus broke away temporarily.
 * 48.** **Treaty of Versailles** - The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the US, and other Allied Powers after WWI. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. One of the greatest failures in history.
 * 49.** **Treaty of Saint-Germain** - declared that the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to be dissolved; included "war reparations" of large sums of money
 * 50.** **Treaty of Sevres**