Ch+24+Guided+Reading

“**Africa, India, and the New British Empire (1750 – 1870)”** 1. ** Modernization ** - the process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of W. societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-western societies. Leader of Egyptian modernization was Muhammad Ali. 2. **“legitimate trade”**- exports from Africa in the 19th century that didn’t include the newly outlawed slave trade. There was an increase in gold and palm oil exports, and coastal traders became rich and bought slaves to paddle canoes transporting palm oils. Niger Delta allowed slaves to gain wealth and power 3. ** palm oil ** - exports increased during the 19th century due to “legitmate” trade **4. **recaptives- African rescued by Britain’s Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the 19th century and restored to free status. Christian missionaries settled them in Freetown. 5. “secondary empires” 6. ** nawabs ** - a Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor 7. “Company Men” 8. ** sepoys ** - a soldier in S. Asia, especially in British service 9. “Black Hole of Calcutta” 10. British raj- the rule over much of S. Asia between 1765-1947 by the EIC and then by the British govt. Remade India with British influences. Policies: create powerful, efficient governmental system (main), (2nd) disarm 2 million warriors and turn them to civilian tasks, (3rd) allow Christian missionaries power, (4th) substitute ownership of private property to make it easier to collect taxes. 11. ** Durbars ** - elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the 19th century, apparently in imitation of the Mughal Empires’ pageantry 12. **Indian Civil Service**- elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. Held senior administrative and judicial posts. Recruitment with open examinations in England, excluded Indians with only one Indian member due to racism (1870). 13. **Indian National Congress**- a movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence. Called for reductions in military fees, promoted unity among groups, voiced opinions of elite Indians, and lobbied the British governments for more positions in civil services. 14. **Clipper ships**- large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late 19th century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts that lowered shipping costs and stimulated maritime trade. (1778-1860) Increased British shipping tonnage by 400%. 15. Ambergris ** Individuals / Peoples: ** 18. ** Shaka ** - (1818-1828) united Zulu. Used warfare tactic of raids to expand kingdom across the Limpopo River and north to Lake Victoria 19. ** Usumann dan Fodio ** - (Fulani) led largest Islamic reform movement in Hausa States and called to overthrow king of Gobir in 1804 **20. ****Muhammad Ali**- (1769-1849) leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. Ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until 1952’s overthrown. Successor to Napoleon’s rule and strengthened Egyptian army to prevent European conquest. Transformed Egyptian landholding, increased agricultural production, and created modern administration and army. Required peasants to cultivated export crops. First to apply W. methods and technology for modernization that were combined with Islamic traditions. Near his reign’s end, population doubled, trade expanded 600%, and new educated Egyptian class began to replace old aristocracy. 21. **David Livingston**- (1813-1873, Scottish) searched for Christian mission locations and traced course of Zambezi River (1853-1856). Named waterfall for Queen Victoria. In 1871, he met Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904) who descended to Congo River’s mouth (1874-1877). 22. ** Henry Morton Stanley ** - (1841-1904) descended to Congo River’s mouth during 1874-1877. Met David Livingston in 1871. 23. ** Tippu Tip ** - (ca. 1830-1905) created largest personal empires in upper Congo River who had been a trader in Zanzibar. 24. **Robert Clive-** led EIC to overthrow Nawab 26. Captain James Cook** **-** (1769-1778) explored New Zealand and eastern coast of Australia that expanded shipping networks
 * A.P. World History **
 * Guided Reading Chapter 24 **
 * Terms: **
 * 16. Contracts of indenture **- a voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were European; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians
 * 25. Afrikaners- descendants of British and Dutch settlers in Cape Town who referred to themselves as permanent residents of Africa
 * 27. Maoris-** Aborigines of Maori disqualified of voting due to lack of literacy in English
 * 28. Aborigines**- indigenous populations

**Places / Kingdoms / Colonies:**

29. **Zulu Kingdom-** a people of modern S. Africa whom King Shaka (r. 1818-1828) united in 1818. Powerful fighters with strict military drill and close combat warfare; powerful fighters. 30. **Sokoto Caliphate**- (1809-1906) a large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now N. Nigeria. Largest W. African state after 16th century fall of Songhai. Sold captives to Atlantic and trans-Saharan slave trade and by 1865, held more slaves than in America who raised food 31. **Ethiopia**- under imperial rule with Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1833-1868) who encouraged local weapon manufacturing and Yohannes IV (r. 1872-1889). Shoa kingdom ruled by Menelik from 1865 outside Tewodros’ rule. (1889) Shoa united with Ethiopia to create modern Ethiopian borders. (1840s) rulers purchased European weapons and created strong loyal armies. Tewodros committed suicide to avoid being prisoner of British invasion after holding British officials captive causing the British to withdraw afterwards 32. **Liberia-** (1821, southern Sierra Leone) place of liberty at a time when United States’ slavery was legal and flourishing 33. Maratha Confederation 34. **Cape Colony**- occupied by British during 1795 and 1796. Cape Town was a vital supply station for voyaging ships between Britain and India. Home of Afrikaners 35. **Orange Free State and Transvaal**- Afrikaner’s colonies founded in Southern Africa by 1850 during Great Trek 36. **Singapore** -(1824) Thomas Stamford Raffles helped BEIC establish free port at Singapore. Singapore became trade and shipping center between Indian Ocean and China and formed “Strait Settlements” managed by B. India until 1867 Events: 37. **Sepoy Rebellion (Revolution of 1857)-** revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; aka the Sepoy Mutiny 38. **The Great Trek**- (1836-1839) Afrikaners went on “Great Trek”, leaving Cape Colony to northern plateau that two decades of Zulu war has depopulated. By 1850, the Great Trek created the foundation of the Afrikaner’s Orange Free State, the British colony of Natal, and Transvaal