CH+28+outline

of coursCh 28 The Crisis of the Imperial order 1900-1929 New Technologies-airplanes, automobiles, radio, and cinema Russo-japanese War(1904-1905)-japanese victory ottoman empire weakening-dangerous power vacuum The ottoman Empire and the Balkans Nationalism, Alliances and military Strategy The 'Great War' and the Russian Revolution (1914-1918) Stalemate 1914-1917 Western Front: a line of trenches and fortifications in world war 1 that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the north sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany on the one hand and france and Britain, on the other The home front and the war econmoy
 * Origins of the crisis in Europe and the middle East
 * 15th century to 19th century- ottoman most powerful state also the richest
 * 19th century fallen behind economically, technologically and military
 * Macedonia rebelled in 1902-1903
 * 1908 Austria-hungary annexed Bosnia
 * 1912 italy conqueres Libya
 * 1912-1913 rapid succes came two Balkan wars in which Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece chased Turks out of Europe
 * Young Turks began conspiring to force a constitution on the Sultan
 * 1909-parliament, dominated by young turks over threw Abdul Hamid
 * Then Abdul's brother took over
 * Assassination of Franz Ferdinand caused military and political leaders to loose control
 * few wars fought in Europe-1815-crimean war of 1853-1856
 * Franco-Prussian war of 1871
 * Austria-hungary and Italy in the Triple Alliance in 1882
 * 1904 Britain joined France in an Entente(understanding)
 * 1907 Britain and Russia and formed an Entente
 * 1914 western and central Europe developed railroad networks-few motor vehicles
 * July 28 Austria-hungary declared war on Serbia
 * July 29 Russian government ordered Austia-hungary to back down
 * August 1 France honored it treaty
 * August 3- Britain demanded with drawl, when Britain refused, Britain declared war on Germany
 * 1914 "Great war" erupted until 1940
 * believed a spiritual attack would always prevail
 * German armies defeated French and British
 * battle of Marne (sept. 5-12 1914) Germans were thrown back several miles
 * both sides spread out(formed an unbroken line) extending 300 miles from north sea to the border of Switzerland
 * soldiers dug holes and then dug communicating trenches
 * 4 years they attacked
 * 1916-most bloodiest and most futile battles of war
 * Germans attacked Germans at somme river and suffered 420,00 causalities-60,000 on the first day
 * Germans lost 450,000 and french 200,00
 * May 1916-confront the british Grand fleet
 * lost equally amounts of ships
 * Lusitania-one of the victims-death toll was 1,198 people
 * 139 of them Americas
 * poison gas introduced at western front

CHAPTER 28: The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929 = = =__ Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East __=

// The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans //
-(late 19th century) Ottoman Empire weakened -“sick man of Europe” -(1902-1903) Macedonia rebelled -(1908) Bosnia annexed by Austria Hungary -(1909) Crete merged with Greece -(1912) Libya conquered by Italy -(1913) Albania became independent -(1912-1913) Balkan Wars chased Turks out of Europe by Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece -Russia as protectors of the Slavic peoples of the Balkan -France and Britain as protectors of Christian minorities -controlled Ottoman finances, taxes, railroads, mines, and public utilities -Austria-Hungary wanted Otttoman lands with Slavs -Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) blamed for empire’s decline -“Young Turks” forced Sultan for a constitution -supported centralized rule and Turkification of ethnic minorities -(1909) replaced Sultan with brother -turned to Germany and hired a general to modernize army

// Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy //
-causes of assassination leading to events: -nationalism -viewed war as crusade for liberty or revenge -system of alliances and military plans -Germany’s desire to control Europe -(1882) Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy made the Triple Alliance -France allied with Russia -Britain joined France (1904) and Russia (1907) with an Entente -flawed with inflexible military planning -difficult transportation -railroad system -(July 28) Austria-Hungary declare war with Serbia -(July 29) Grussia ordered general mobilization to make Austria back down -France (Aug. 1) and Germany ordered general mobilization -(August 3) Britain declared war after German’s refusal of surrender at Belgium =__ The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions, 1914-1918 __=

// Stalemate, 1914-1917 //
-(1914) “Great War” erupted -German defeated French and British numerously -(early Sept.) held Belgium and northern France, approaching Paris -exhausted army caused waver -(September 5-12, 1914) Battle of Marne threw German back several miles -**Western Front**- A line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the N. Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other -trenches dug for protection -(1916) German attacked French at Versailles -British attacked German at Somme River -inconclusive sea battles -Battle of Jutland -British ruled sea, German ruled underwater with submarines -military innovations had little effect -airplanes, poison gas, and primitive tanks -offer future insight

// The Home Front and the War Economy //
-Africans, Indians, and Chinese as European heavy laborers -Africans forced to grow crops and sell at low price or join wars -(1917) British created women’s ausiliary units -crops declined in Germany -Blaise Diagne was first African in Frances Chamber of Deputies (1914) -asked for equal rights for African and European soldier and an extension of the contract to educated Africans -United States grew rich during war -remained neutral but supplied France and Britain -grew “victory garderns” -employment of African-Americans in north

// The Ottoman Empire at War //
-(August 2, 1914) Turks and German signed secret alliance -(November) Turks joined fighting out of wanting Russia’s land -many Armenians died during march across mountains after being deported by Turks -Turks closed Dardanelles (strait between Mediterranean and Black Seas) and pushed back British invaders -(1916) Hussein ibn Ali as king of Hejaz (W. Arabia) -**Faisal**- (1885-1933) Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in WWI. The British made him king of Iraq (1921), and he reigned under British protection until 1933 -**Theodore Herzl**- (1860-1904) Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine -(1917) Chaim Weizman as leader of British Zionists induced British politicians that Palestinian Jewish homeland should be taken from Ottoman Empire and placed under British to improve Entente’s cause -(November) British approached Jerusalem -**Balfour Declaration**- statement issued by Britain’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine -Indians’ participation in war boosted movement for their independence

// Double Revolution in Russia, 1917 //
-(August 1914) two Russian armies thrown back during E. Germany invasion -Russians defeated Austro-Hungarian several times but then defeated by Germans -(1916) Russia ran out of ammunition and supplies -soldiers went to battle unarmed -railroads broke down and crops rotted -Russian civilians faced shortages and hunger -Tsar Nicholas II remained corrupted and surrounded with luxury -(March 1917) food shortage in Petrograd -women staged mass demonstrations -solders and workers form soviets to take over factories and barracks -tsar renounced -Alexander Kerensky formed Provisional Government -began the “February Revolution” -Social Revolutionaires supported redistribution of land to peasants -Social Democrats (Marxist party) divided into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks -Mensheviks supported electoral politics and reform in European socialists, intellectuals, and factory workers -**Bolsheviks**- radical Marxist political party found by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin’s leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution -(November 6, 1917) Bolsheviks led “October Revolution” -Lenin overthrew Provisional Governments -Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries, and rivals arrested -nationalized private land and order peasants to hand over crops w/o compensation -took over factories and workers drafted into labor brigades -sued for peace -**Vladimir Lenin**- (1870-1924) Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed -wanted to have a party leading a revolution instead of waiting for it -(early April 1917) Lenin announced program in Petrograd -created Cheka as a secret police force to arrest and execute opponents -(March 3, 1918) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed -Russia lost 1/3 of population and wealth -Poland, Finland, and Baltic states became independent republics -Russian colonies in C. Asia and Caucascus temporarily broke away

// The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917-1918 //
-**Woodrow Wilson**- (1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference at 1919. Unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations -(February 1, 1917) German submarine campaign resumed -British organized merchant ships into convoys -(April 6) Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany -(March and August 1918) General Erich von Ludendorff launched surprise attacks near Paris -(August) Ally counterattacked -(October) Ludendorff resigned and German fleet mutinied -Kaiser Wilhelm fled to Hoolland while new German govt. signed and peace agreement -(November 11) silent Western Front =__ Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919-1929 __= // The Impact of the War // -2 million Germans, 1.7 million Russians, 1.7 million French, 1.5 million Austria-Hungarian, 1 million British, 460,000 Italians, and 115,000 Americans died -many forced to flee home -expulsion of Greeks and Turks -1.5 million refugees found shelter in France -800,000 immigrants arrived in United States -(1921 and 1924) US treaties to restrict E. and S. European immigration -Canada, Austria and New Zealand followed similar restrictions -(1918-1919) influenza epidemic killed 20 million people worldwide -environment destroyed -took a decade to clear debris, rebuild towns, and create military cemeteries

// The Peace Treaties //
-(early 1919) Wilson, David Lloyd George (British) and Georges Clemenceau (French) dominated Paris Peace Conference -ignored Italians, small European nations, non-European nationalities, and Pan-African Congress -rejected Japanese proposal for equality in all races -**League of Nations**- International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s, and it was superseded by the United Nations in 1945 -**Treaty of Versailles**- (June 28, 1919) the treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, and the United States, and other Allied Powers after WWI. Demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. Resented by many Germans -forbids Germany to have an air force and restricted to army and navy -failed -(1920) Treaty of Saint-Germain made Austria and Hungary lose ¾ of territory

// Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy //
-French troops occupied Odessa -British and Americans had Archangel and Murmansk -Czech POW briefly had the Trans-Siberian Railway -(December 1918) Russian civil war -Communists had central Russia -(1921) Communists defeated most of enemies since opponents never united -due to Red Army’s discipline and commander Leon Trotsky -(December 1920) Ukrainian communists declared independence of Soviet Republic of Ukraine -(1922) formed Soviet Union or USSR with Russia -(1918) Russian Empire provinces in Caucasus and C. Asia declared independence -Bolsheviks opposed feudalism and wanted to control oil fields in Africa and Asia -(1920-1921) conquered Caucasus and replaced leaders with Russians -(1922) Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan joined USSR -Communists had control of land and peoples previously part of tsar’s empire -**New Economic Policy**- Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the NEP in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plan -allowed peasants to own land and sell crops, merchants to trade, and workshops to produce and sell gods on free market -only big business (banks, railroads, factories) were under government control -despised by peasants since no purchase was made to them -(January 1924) Leon Trotsky against Joseph Stalin for power after Lenin’s death -Stalin expelled Trotsky (1926-1927) and forced him to flee (January 1929)

// An Ephemeral Peace //
-British and French conservatives wanted return of stability of prewar times -German felt cheated -Arabs and Indians wanted independence -Japan wanted to influence China -(1919-1923) painful recovery and readjustment -(1924-1929) growing peace and prosperity -German money became worthless -issued new currency and resume reparation payments -French withdrew troops from Ruhr -Germany joined League of Nations -borrowed money from U.S. to pay to France and Britain who repaid loans to US -(1922) Germany and Soviet Union signed pact to allow German army to conduct maneuvers in Russia as Germans help build Russian industry and military -manuevers were violation to Versailles treaty -Leagues of Nations only powerful in preserving peace when Britain, France, and Italy agreed with each other  -useless sanctions without US participation =__China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies__=

//Social and Economic Changes//
-largest population was China -little land for cultivation and old farming methods -constant labor to prevent bursting dikes and flooding -Japan had little natural resources -typhoons and earthquake (Kanto earthquake of 1923) -rich merchants controlled China’s trade -Shanghai as center of opium addicts, prostitutes, rich foreigners and gangsters -Japan’s industrialization program of 1868 enforced during WWI -economy grew 4 times faster than W. Europe and 8 times than China -expanded hydroelectric capacity -modern people against traditionalists -“Marx boys” -corporations (Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda, and Mitsui) controlled Japan’s industry and trade -weak and repressed labor union -depended on trade and imperialism in Asia

//Revolution and War, 1900-1918//
-(1900) Cixi encouraged Boxers to expel all foreigners from China -Japan forced China to pay compensation -**Sun Yat-sen**- (1867-1925) Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement to China but was thwarted by military leaders -ideas mixed with nationalism, socialism, and Confucian philosophy -resigned after a few weeks to avoid clash with army -(1895) Chinese govt. equips army with modern rifles and machine guns -**Yuan Shikai**- (1859-1916) Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). Stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-Sen -**Guomindang**- nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement, headed the party -Japanese joined Allied side -saw WWI as chance to advance interests -created economic boom -Japan conquered German colonies in N. Pacific and coast of China

//Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 1919-1929//
//­­//-(1919) May Fourth Movement to challenge old officials, regional generals and foreigners -(early 1920s) Sun Yat-sen tried making comback -welcomed members of Chinese Communist Party into Guomindang -**Chiang Kaishek**- (1886-1975) Chinese military and political leader. Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang in 1923; headed the Chinese govt. from 1928-1948; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949 he headed the Chinese Nationalist govt. in Taiwan