testprepwhap28

Tensions between Germany and France **Western Front**- A line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the N. Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other U.S.A and WWI – why did we enter African-Americans during WWI **Balfour Declaration**- statement issued by Britain’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine Tactics of British in fight with Ottomans Russians during WWI- On August 1914, two Russian armies thrown back during E. Germany invasion. Russians defeated Austro-Hungarian several times but then defeated by Germans. In 1916, Russia ran out of ammunition and supplie s yet soldiers went to battle unarmed. R ailroads broke down and crops rotted. Russian civilians faced shortages and hunger while Tsar Nicholas II lived in luxury In early April 1917, Lenin announced program in Petrograd giving immediate peace, power to soviets, and transfers of land to peasants and factories to workers. He created Cheka as a secret police force to arrest and execute opponents **Lenin’s New Economic Policy (1921)-** Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the NEP in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plan. A llowed peasants to own land and sell crops, merchants to trade, and workshops to produce and sell gods on free market while only big business (banks, railroads, factories) were under government control. Policy was despised by peasants since no purchase was made to them. Influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 – causes and effects Boxer Rebelion Turkish state after WWI Egypt in 1920s Jewish immigration into Palestine The automobile (effect on Western Europe and North America)- Replacement of carts and carriages and solution to urban pollution. Environmentally effected suburban sprawl yet allowed transportation for homes too spread apart.
 * //Chapter 28 – The Crisis of the Imperial Order (1900-1929)//**
 * Archduke Franz Ferdinand**- heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary who was killed by Princip on June 28,1914
 * Gavrilo Princip-** member of a pro-Serbian conspiracy who killed Ferdinand and his wife
 * Ottoman Empire’s nick name**- "sick man of Europe"
 * Europe, Ottoman’s and the Slavs**- Russia as protectors of the Slavic peoples of the Balkan. France and Britain as protectors of Christian minorities yet controlled Ottoman finances, taxes, railroads, mines, and public utilities. Austria-Hungary wanted Otttoman lands with Slavs
 * Nationalism’s war view**- viewed war as crusade for liberty or revenge
 * Alliances in early 20th century**- Triple Alliance (Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary). France allied with Russia. Britain joined France (1904) and Russia (1907) with an Entente. On August 2, 1914, Turks and German signed secret alliance
 * Weapons in WWI**- military innovations had little effect although airplanes, poison gas, and primitive tanks offered future insight
 * The war at sea**- inconclusive sea battle such as Battle of Jutland
 * Women during WWI**- In 1917, British created women’s auxiliary units due to lack of men
 * WWI and Africa**- Africans forced to grow crops and sell at low price or join wars. Blaise Diagne was first African in Frances Chamber of Deputies (1914), and asked for equal rights for African and European soldier and an extension of the contract to educated Africans although conditions were only partly met.
 * Ottoman Turks’ secret alliance**- On August 2, 1914, Turks and German signed secret alliance. Turks joined fighting starting in November out of wanting Russia’s land.
 * Armenians during WWI**- Armenians died during march across mountains after being deported by Turks
 * Theodore Herzl**- <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(1860-1904) Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine
 * Tsar and February Revolution**- On March 1917, there was a food shortage in Petrograd, causing women staged mass demonstrations and solders and workers form soviets to take over factories and barracks, which led to Tsar Nicholas renouced. Alexander Kerensky formed Provisional Government and <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">began the “February Revolution”
 * The October Revolution-** On November 6, 1917, Bolsheviks led “October Revolution” where Lenin overthrew Provisional Governments. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries, and rivals arrested
 * Bolsheviks**- <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">radical Marxist political party found by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin’s leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution
 * Vladimir Lenin’s plan for Russia**- He wanted to have a party leading a revolution instead of waiting for it
 * Leon Trotsky**- led Communists in Russian Civil War
 * Communists**- known as Bolsheviks
 * Treaty of Brest-Litovsk**- signed on March 3, 1918. Russia lost 1/3 of population and wealth. Poland, Finland, and Baltic states became independent republics. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Russian colonies in C. Asia and Caucascus temporarily broke away
 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics**- On December 1920, Ukrainian communists declared independence of Soviet Republic of Ukraine and <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">formed Soviet Union or USSR with Russia in 1922. Later in the same year, <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan joined USSR.
 * Lenin’s post death power struggle**- On January 1924, Leon Trotsky against Joseph Stalin for power after Lenin’s death <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Stalin expelled Trotsky (1926-1927) and forced him to flee in January 1929.
 * WWI – how many died?-** <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">2 million Germans, 1.7 million Russians, 1.7 million French, 1.5 million Austria-Hungarian, 1 million British, 460,000 Italians, and 115,000 Americans died
 * Woodrow Wilson and self-determination**- <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference at 1919. Unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations
 * German crisis of 1923**- money became worthless.
 * Chinese resources**- salt and iron
 * Chinese population change (early 20th century)-** 400 million, largest of any country in the world
 * Japanese resources**- textiles, consumer goods, munitions
 * Japanese population changes (early 20th century)-** 60 million in 1925
 * Zaibatsu-** <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">corporations (Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda, and Mitsui) controlled Japan’s industry and trade
 * Twenty-One Demands in 1915-** Japan gave China the Twenty-One Demands, which would've turned China into a virtual territory of Japan. Britain and US induced Japan to lower demands but couldn’t prevent them from keeping German costal enclaves, railroad, and mining at China’s expense
 * Mandate system**- allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after WWI, to be administered under League of Nations supervision
 * Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk) 1923**- formed nationalist govt. in central Anatolia. Abolished sultanate, declared Turkey a secular republic, and introudcuced European laws. Kemal suppressed Muslim courts, schools, and religious orders and replaced Arabic alphabet with the Latin version.
 * Women in 1920s**- the young and rich had more personal freedoms. Single women led lives of lonliness and desitution with the shortage of men. Women remined as wage eners and salaried professionals
 * Women’s Suffrage**- Norwegian women were first in Europe to vote (1915), following it was Russia in 1917 and Canada and German (1918). In 1918, British women over 30 years old could vote. In 1920, the 19th amendment of US constitution allowed women to vote. (1914) Turkish women voted.
 * Social sciences of the 1920s**- Max Plank dsicovered atoms emit or absorb energy only in small amounts (quanta) Albert Einstein believed time, space, and mass are not fixed yet relative to one another. Sciences challenged Victorian morality, middle-class values, and notions of Western superiority.
 * Emile Durkheim**- (1858-1917) French sociologist believing that "there are no religions that are false. All are true in their own fashion."

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