1st+Semester+Study+Guide

Really Early Stuff 1. Change over from food gathering to food producing. It was important because new tools developed which led to domestication and settlements. 2. They are on rivers and based mainly on agriculture. 3. It was the first set of laws/codes and it was engraved on a black pillar. 4. 3 groups: slaves/peasants, scribes/artisans, temple leaders/kings. Owning land was a symbol of wealth. 5. theocracy= the belief in government by divine guidance polytheism=belief in many gods monotheism=believe in 1 god Sumer and Egypt both believed in polytheism. 6. a small payment

India and China 7. Harappa is in India. 8. Aryans are white-skinned, blue-eyed, blond hair people from the Baltic Sea area. 9. The Rock Edicts, also known as the Edicts of Ashoka, are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BC. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history. 10. varna=Brahmin (priests, scholars), Kshatriya (warriors, officials), Vaishya (merchants, artisians, landowners), Shudra (peasants) 11. karma=goodness/badness passed on to afterlife Dharma= one's righteous duty 12. sati=widow burning on husband's grave 13. The Buddha was Siddhartha Gautama; 4 Noble Truths= (1) life is suffering, (2) suffering comes from desire, (3) the solution is to curb your desire, (4) this can be reached by the Eightfold Path; Eightfold Path=having the right views, aspirations, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and meditation. 14. Shang, Zhou, Qin, Tang 15. Confucius was Kongzi (latin form=Confucius). He believed in benevolence, justice, loyalty, dignity, etc. 16. Confucianism=follow/obey leaders of authority Taoism/Daoism=follow the "path" to stop warfare; they know that the world is changing Legalism=human nature is wicked society must be controlled

Ancient Greece and Rome 17. Greece has many islands and a uniform climate. The inhabitants depended on rain for crops because the poor soil could not sustain a large population. 18. Sparta=hostile, invaded many areas, military based, women had power in the household Athens=not a monopoly, more artistic than Sparta, women were treated with less respect 19. It is the time of Alexander the Great's conquests, which caused long distance trade, arts, and libraries/universities to emerge. 20. He extended Greek rule from N. Aftrica to Europe to Persia and the Middle East. After he died Greece lost it's power. 21. Located in the middle of the peninsula; rivers and hills created a natural barrier; this location had good soil due to volcanoes and good rainfall. Rome started on Palatine Hill, which is one of the seven hills, in 1000 B.C.E. 22. T he Early Christians endured periods of persecution at the hands of Roman authorities. 23. Roman Republic=507-31 B.C.E., not a democracy, lost it's power and control and a military leader took over Roman Principate=became the Roman Empire 24. Created roads, walls, buildings, and aqueducts. 25. There was a frequent change in rulers ("third century crisis"), which was bad on the economy and caused a constant need to fund for political and military activities.

Bzyantine Empire 26. Constantine 27. (r. 527-565) He created the "Corpus Juris Civilis" (Body of Civil Law) 28. Eastern Orthodox 29. Islam could not drink alcohol; Judaism did not have a powerful god, so he chose Orthodox Christianity over Latin Christianity. 30. tsar (from "caesar") 31.Turkic slaves, they __may__ have been used for military... 32. 1453, Sultan mehmet II of Ottoman Empire took over Constantinople.

Origins of the Muslim World 33. They put idols in the Ka'ba from local religions and created a monotheistic Islam, which eventually grew due to trade. 34. Shi'ite=They thought that Ali and his descendants were the rightful leaders Sunnis=thought that the community should choose who the leader should be 35. There was an exchange of cultures and ideas due to trade 36. Islam and Christianity share their origins in the Abrahamic tradition though Christianity predates Islam by six centuries. Judaism places emphasis on actions, while Christianity places empahsis on beliefs. Islam is similar to Judaism in its fundamental religious outlook, structure, jurisprudence and practice. 37. It was not unified and clan based, which caused lots of war between clans. 38. He was an orphan from Mecca and got revelations from the angel Gabriel. 39. Muhammad's revelations. It is important because they say that it is the unalterable word of God. 40. (1) one god and Muhammad is the messenger (2) pray five times, (3) fasting during the month of Ramadan, (4) pay alms (5) make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during your lift time. These are Muhammad's practices.

Empires in Africa 41. The Bantu moved south, west, and east following the flow of silver because they used silver to make their tools. Sub-Saharan Africa is better for agriculture. 42. The mountainous areas had minerals such as gold and silver

European Middle Ages 43. 476~1453 44. He was the first to be emperor in western Europe. 45. It was the first empire united under 1religion. 46. feudalism=land awarded for military service manorialism=serfs were bound to the field of the manor 47. They were sea raiders from Scandinavia. They created good vessels and established the settlements Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. 48. kings granted land in return for military service 49. The peasants are working folk. Their lords gave them food and housing in return for their work. 50. Europe learned many things from the Crusades and the Islamic lands had little impact from the Crusades. 51. The Christians wanted to recover Jerusalem from the Muslim rule. 52. vernacular=local languages and dilects

Empires of East Asia (China, Japan, Korea) 53. Buddhism 54. gentry 55. Confucianism 56. China 57. In Europe, Feudalism is the exchange of land for military service, thus everything was based on what was called the knight's fee, which was the amount of money and/or military service a fief was required to pay to support one knight. The Tokugawa shogunate was a feudal-like military dictatorship of Japan established in the 17th century lasting until 1868. In Japan, the system of land tenure and a vassal receiving tenure in exchange for an oath of fealty is very close to what happened in parts of medieval Europe.

Empires in the Americas 58. Maya=Yucatan Peninsula Aztec=Mexico City Inca=Peru, mountains 59. They were the first civilization in the Americas 60. Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Southern Mexico (Yucatan Peninsula) 61. Codex is a book format used for modern books with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover. The codex made it easier to organize documents in early libraries. 62. 800-900 C.E., they abandoned their cities. There is not a definite reason why they disappeared. 63. They hit a ball off of their hips to the other players and the loser would be killed. 64. Central Mexico 65. They had twin capitals: Tenochtitlan, which was the main capital, and Tlatelolco 66. floating gardens 67. Huitzilopochtli 68. They did this to please the gods and bring unity to society. 69. They at first received them and trusted them, but then the Spanish turned on them and killed them. 70. disease spread quickly (smallpox) 71. Along the east coast of South America in the Andes Mountains 72. Cuzco 73. mit'a=rotational labor draft that organizes members of allyus to work fields, creating surplus and helping with public work project.s 74. Inca used the Quipu, which were assemblages of knotted strings used to record information, the exact nature of which is no longer known. 75. The ruler died causing a power struggle between the two sons, leading to a civil war in 1525 bringing an end to the Empire.

Imperialism stuff 76. Refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition among all individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drives social evolution in human societies. Europeans often argued that societies progressed through stages of increasing development. 77. European countries colonized and traded in Africa. 78. The Suez Canal shortened the distance between Europe and Asia. 79. The French was in control of the Congo, but there were many revolts by Africans such as the Bahangala Revolt led by Mabiala Ma Nganga. It started in 1892 with the murder of the French administrator Laval and ended with the killing by the French of its leader in 1896.