1450-1750+CE

Part 5 - The Globe Encompassed, 1500-1750 - p401 Chapter 16 - Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750 - p404

Chapter 16 Key Terms

i. Culture and Ideas - p405
 * Theological controversies broke the religious untiys of the Latin Church + contributed to violent wars
 * influence of Greco-Roman lead people to be better educated
 * new models of the planets

ii. Social and Economic Life - p412 iii. Political Innovations - p418
 * Top of the social class was nobles(had specail priviledges didn't have to pay for taxes)
 * Below were merchants and professionals(had no legal priviledges)
 * At the bottom mostly rural peasants and landless laborers(exploited by everyone)
 * Women were some what equal to men

Chapter 17 - The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770 - p430

Chapter 17 Key Terms

i. The Columbian Exchange - p431
 * The columbian Exchange was the transfer of peoples, animals, plants, and diseases between the new and Old world
 * the new world and old world are seperated by Columbus's voyage
 * old world diseases entered the new world of the Americas
 * death rates among Amerindian peoples were very high
 * Small pox was the most deadly disease

ii. Spanish America and Brazil - p434
 * royal authority and independent power over the conquistadors moved quickly in the Spanish crown
 * 1524 the council of the Indies in Spain supervised all government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activity in the soanish colonies
 * Geography and technology limited the councils real power
 * highest ranking Spanish officials in the colonies, the viceroys of new Spain and Peru, enjoyed broad power because of the distance from Spain
 * Viceroyalty of new spain was Created 1535
 * the Viceroyalty of peru with its captial in Lim was formed in 1540's to govern spainish south america
 * viceroyalty was divided into number of judicial and administrative districts
 * 16 century Portugal concentrated its resources and energies on Asia and Africa
 * a new governor-general in 1549 and made Salvador the new capital

iii. English and French Colonies in North America - p445 iv. Colonial Expansion and Conflict - p452

Chapter 18 - The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550-1800 - p457

Chapter 18 Key Terms

i. Plantations in the West Indies - p459 ii. Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century - p461
 * Colonization Before 1650:**
 * sugar cane cultivation came into the west indies shortly after 1500
 * northern europeans grew tobacco and other crops
 * small European settlements on Montserrat, barbados and other Caribean islands
 * Tobaco became a habit spread
 * Tobacco was being sold in 7 thousand shops around London
 * France and England gave groups of private investors monopolies over trade to the west indies colonies in exchange for the payment of annual fees- Which was called **Chartered companies**
 * companies began providing free passage to the colonies of poor Europeans
 * servants paid off debts by working 3 to 4 years
 * this made the Tobacco islands grow rapidly in 1630s and 1640
 * Dutch West India Company-1621 carried the conflict to spain's overseas possesions
 * **Sugar and Slaves:**
 * 1680's sugar became Barbados colony's main crop this led to enslaving Africans, which were three times as numerous as European settlers
 * expansion of sugar plantation in west Indies led to the increase of slave trade in Africa
 * first half of 17th century about 10,000 slaves arrived from Africa a year, in 2nd half of 17th century 20,000 slaves arrived a year, and a century later the volume of Atlantic slave trade was three times larger
 * Eric Williams- Refuted the idea that the rise of African slave labor was primarily motivated by prejudice
 * He said, " slavery was not born of racism: but rather, racism was the consequence of slavery."
 * suggested shift was due to lower cost of African labor
 * The average slave lived 7 yrs and indentured labor contracts only lasted 3-4 yrs, therefore making slaves a better investment
 * rising demand of slaves drove sale price up in the 18th century
 * sugar plantations were complex because they had to be a factory as well as a farm
 * Thus, at the heart of the sugar works was a large expensive mill
 * mills were either powered by humans/animals, wind, or water (which were often fed by aqueducts)
 * plantations damaged environment in 2 ways: 1)soil exhaustion 2)and deforestation
 * Besides damaging the environment Europeans also altered the ecology balance on the West Indies by introducing there own domesticated animals and cultivated plants
 * West Indies population, the indigenous Arawak peoples, were __wiped out__ by disease and abuse within 50 yrs of Columbus's 1st voyage
 * France and England founded new Caribbean colonies

iii. Creating the Atlantic Economy - p468 iv. Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam - p473

Chapter 19 - Southwest Asia and the Indian ocean, 1500-1750 - p484

Chapter 19 Key Terms

i. The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 - p485
 * 16 century had the largest Muslim empire
 * the empire grew because
 * 1) the shrewdness of its founder Osman and his decendants
 * 2) control of a strategic link between Europe and Asia at Gallipole on the Dardanelles strait
 * 3) the creation of an army that took advantage of the traditional skills of the Turkish cavalryman and new military possibilities presented by gunpowder and christian prisoners of war

ii. The Safavid Empire, 1502-1722 - p495 iii. The Mughal Empire, 1526-1761 - p500 iv. Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean, 1600-1729 - p503

Chapter 20 - Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800 - p510

Chapter 20 Key Terms

i. Japanese Reunification - p511 ii. The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires - p516 __**Ming**__
 * Japanese rule fell, and rule was controlled by //daimyo//, meaning warlords.
 * Japanese emperor resides in capital, Kyoto.
 * Civil war occurs led by Japanese warlord Hideyoshi. 1592, he launched an invasion of inland Asia with 160,000 men, looking to conquer Korea, and to become emperor of China as well.
 * Yi Dynasty in Korea fights back with renowned ships, "turtle boats", and other technologies.
 * Japanese forced to withdraw and make peace in 1606 due to Hideyoshi's death.
 * 1) The Tokugawa Shogunate to 1800
 * 2) Japan and the Europeans
 * Japan made trade contact with the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and England, but trade was limited.
 * By 1580, more than 100,000 Japanese had become Christian. Their main city was Nagasaki.
 * Early 1700 century, more than 300,000 Japanese had become Christian.
 * New shogunate of Edo (now Tokyo), became their new center for worship and hostility.
 * In the years 1614-1617, the government began its persecutions including crucifixions and beheadings of the Christian community for seeking to overthrow doctrine.
 * Decrees issued in 1633-1639 nullified all trade with Europe for 'revenge' on elimination of Christian influences.
 * Trade with China was also limited, but hard to enforce.
 * CHina experieced civil and foreign wars, change in government and new trading and cultural relations w/ europe & neighbors
 * Transformed the global econmoy with there new techniques of the assembly line production of porcelain
 * after this followed a decade of political weakness and rural woes un til the Qing from Manchuria came and brought back peace and prosperity
 * growing intergration of china into the world economy stimulated rapid growht in, Silk, cotton, and porcelain industries.
 * For porcelain industries and textiles coming from China, china got tens of thousands of silver from Japan and latin America right before 1640
 * silver started begining used to pay for land taxes, labor obligations and other kinds of dues
 * Elite classes were inabled to the brilliant culture of novels, operas, poetry, porcelian, and painting
 * some small businesses would include catering to urban elites could make money through printing, tailoring, running resturants, or selling paper, ink, ink stones, and writing brushes.
 * Imperial government operated factories that made ceramics and silks
 * the ming started to weaken because they were lagging behind in technological advances and because of some natural disasters(associated with climate change and diseases)
 * this made agriculture hard and speeded up the end of the Ming


 * __Qing__**
 * New dynasty to become succsessor of the Ming; headed by a Manchu family.
 * VOC, or the Dutch East India Trading Company gained Qing favor by performing ritual of //kowtow// (in which the visitor knocked his head on the floor while crawling to the throne.
 * Reign of the Kangxi and Qianlong emperor were a period of great economical, mililtary and cultural achievement.
 * The Qing and Russians continually fight for control of Asia's Pacific coast, causing them to sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk, using Jesuit missionaries as intrepreters.
 * Tea and wallpaper are influenced heavily by trade with Europe.
 * Macartney mission=Britains great insterest to meet the Qing emeperor in 1793.
 * China population in the late 1700's is somewhere around 350 million.

iii. The Russian Empire - p525 iv. Comparative Perspectives - p531
 * russia became one of the major powers of Europe by 1750, with amazing armies capable of great things.
 * by the end of the sixteenth century they ruled the largest state in europe.
 * russian rulers= "tsar"
 * Peter the Great reduced Russia's isolation and nin creased the power and size.
 * in 1712, St. Petersburg became the capital