Really+Old+Stuff;+600+CE-1450

__ Really Old Stuff: Around 600 CE to 1450 __
= 1. //The Rise of Islam// = -**Islam**- monotheistic religion that started during the 7th century in the Middle East. Believes that everyone was equal before God and everyone should be converted into Muslims. Lands where Islam were practiced is known as “Dar al Islam” (House of Islam) -**Muslims**- followers of Islam -**Mohammad**- got a revelation for angel Gabriel and began preaching the religion of Islam -**Qu’ran**- record of words spoken by Allah (god) that was established between 651-652. Known as the sacred book of Islam. -**Five Pillars of Islam**- confession of faith, prayer five times a day, charity to the needy, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during lifetime

// Allah Be Praised: Islam Takes Hold // -**Mecca**- present-day Saudi Arabia and had trade routes between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Leaders wanted to maintain the polytheistic shrines for religious and economic interests, which led to the persecution of Mohammad until his return in 603. -**Medina**- where Mohammad and his followers found refuge after persecution -**hijra**- 622 CE, known as year 1 on the Muslim calendar

=// The Empire Grows as the Religion Splits //= -**Abu Bakr**- became caliph after Mohammad’s death in 632 -**Caliph**- head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader of the Islamic Empire -**Theocracy**- a government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided -**Caliphate**- a theocratic empire ruled by a caliph -**Umayyad Dynasty**- started by Hassan. Capital moved to Damascus, Syria. Arabic became the government’s official language. Gold and silver coins were the standard monetary unit. Conquered subjects who didn’t convert to Islam had to pay tax. During the dynasty, the Islamic Empire expanded to northern Africa and into Spain. Failed attempts of attack the Byzantine capital of Constantinople; in 732 CE, the Empire tried to attack Europe but was stopped by Charles Martel. -**Charles Martel**- (688-741 CE) a Frankish leader who stopped Muslims from advancing towards Paris and prevented them from expanding in to Europe beyond parts of Spain and southern Italy -**Dome of the Rock**- an Islamic shrine built on Temple Mount in Jerusalem -**Shiite Islam**- believed that Ali was the rightful heir to the empire -**Sunnis**- believed that leaders of the Empire should be drawn to a broad base of the people instead of just having Ali and his hereditary line as the chosen successors

=// The Abbasid Dynasty: Another Golden Age to Remember //= -**Abbasid Dynasty**- (750-1258) Replaced the Umayyad Dynasty. The Abbasids defeated T’ang Chinese army during the Battle of the Talus River in 751 CE for control of the Silk Road, leading them to the usage of paper. Monopolized trade routes and built libraries and universities. Advancements made in steel, medical, and mathematics (algebra). -**Baghdad**- capital of the Islamic Empire during the Abbasid Dynasty -**Mohammad al-Razi**- created first medical encyclopedia -**Levant-** present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon. Fought for control by Muslims and Christians during the European Crusades. -**Sufi**- Islamic mystics/ missionaries who stressed a personal relationship with Allah. Allowed followers to practice own ways to revere Allah and those who placed Allah in the framework of other beliefs, leading to convert vast numbers to Islam.

// Women and Islam: For Better, for Worse // -**How was it better?**- traditions were changed by the Qu’ran. Gained legal rights and were considered equal before Allah. If divorced, women would keep their dowry. Influenced home and sometimes outside it as well as being highly protected -**How was it worse?**- Men were allowed to have up to four wives while women had to faithful to one man to not confuse identity of a boy’s father. Women’s testimony in court was given only half the weight of a man’s. They were also veiled in public and had a singular duty to be loyal to and care for her husband and family.

=// Decline of the Islamic Caliphate: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invasions //= **-Mamluks-** Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually found their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517). Revolted and established a new capital at Samarra in central Iraq
 * -Mongols-** Conquered the Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad, which ended the Abbasid Dynasty in 1258. Lived as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206, they established an empire under Genghis Khan, linking Western and Eastern Eurasia.
 * -Ottoman Turks-** Reunited Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state that lasted until 1918

// 2. Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire // -**Middle Ages**- period after the fall of Rome and before the Renassance. Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire, which was more centralized and organized than the Western empire. Both Eastern and Western Roman Empires practice Christianity, just not in the same way

=// The Byzantine Empire //= -**Byzantine Empire**- Eastern Roman Empire. Culture was similar to those of Eastern empires; used the Greek language and had distinctive domes for architecture. Practice Orthodox Christianity. Emperors ruled with absolute authority with monopoly over economy. Had a stable monetary system using coined money. -**Orthodox Christianity**- practiced in the Byzantine Empire. Churches were ruled by secular rulers. Influenced the East. -**Justinian**- somewhat restored the former glory and unity of Roman Empire in Constantinople during 527 to 565. -**Justinian Code**- a codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive -**Hagia Sophia**- cathedral built during the Justinian period in the Byzantine Empire that stands today as a mosque -**Pope**- leader of the Byzantium’s church in the Roman Catholic emperor’s views. Excommunications occurred between the pope and the patriarch of Constantinople in 1054. Roman Catholicism had differences with Orthodox Christianity regarding the nature of God.

=// Religion and State in Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy //= -**Roman Catholicism**- (West) centralized power by the Romans and services were held in the Roman Latin form, leading to a decentralization of political power -**Christian Orthodoxy**- (East; Byzantine Empire) localized church practices without policial authrooity. Political emperors were the ones in control of both politics and the Church.

=// Impact of Orthodoxy on Russia: Feast in the East //= -**St. Cyril**- an Orthodox Christian who converted the Slavic peoples of southeastern Europe and Russia and used the Greek alphabet to creat e a Slavic alphabet in the 9th century -**Vladmir**- a Russian prince from Kiev Russia who abandoned the traditional pagan religion to convert to Christian Orthodoxy. Decided against Islam due to their ban on alcohol.

=// Meanwhile Out West: The Franks Vs. the Muslims //= -**Franks-** Germanic tribe united by King Clovis in the late 15th century.
 * -King Clovis- **United the Franks. Converted to Roman Catholicism and built capital in Paris. Built a empire stretching from present-day Germany into Belgium and France, which he divided among his sons after his death
 * -Charles Martel-** leader of the revolt against Muslim armies
 * -Battle of Tours-** battle where Charles Martel defeated the Muslims in 732
 * -Carolingian Dynasty-** founded by Charles Martel
 * -Pepin-** son of Martel. Had his succession certified by the pope, leading to the a step that an empire’s legitimacy rested on the Roman Catholic Church’s approval

// Charlemagne: The Empire Strikes Back //
**-Charlemagne-** (747-814 CE) King of the Franks (r. 700-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests, he established the Carolingian Empire, which compassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. Crowned by the pope in 800. Allowed local lords to hold power over the local territories (Feudalism) and didn’t charge taxes. -**Treaty of Verdun**- (843) Charlemagne’s empire was divided among his three grandsons = = =// The Vikings: Raiders from the Norse //= **-Vikings**- invaders of western Europe from Scandinavia. Used maneuverable multi-oared boats starting from around 800. Raided Roman Cahtolic monasteries to to having limited resources. They were merchants and developed some of the earliest commercial fisheries in N. Europe. They settled in Newfoundland, Canada (1000), ainland Russia, and northern France. Known as Normans in France. William, a Norman, conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066. They converted to Roman Catholicism -**Magyars**- Western European invaders from Hungary
 * -Holy Roman Empire-** Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962-1806.
 * -Otto the Great-** coronated in 962

=//European Feudalism: Land Divided//= -**Feudalism-** European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages with a strict hierarchy: king, nobles, vassals, and peasants =//Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading//=
 * -Nobles-** below the king in the feudal hierarchy who were granted power over sections of the kingdom in exchange for their military service and loyalty to the king
 * -Vassals-** lesser lords whom had smaller sections of the land that were granted by the nobles
 * -Peasants-** the one who worked the land
 * -Fiefs-** in medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service
 * -Manors-** in medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord’s residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land
 * -Three-Field System-** a rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow (to allow the land to replenish its nutrients). It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe
 * -Code of Chivalry-** an honor system followed by lords and knights that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect
 * -Primogeniture-** title being passed down to eldest son
 * -Serfs-** peasants of the feudal social system who had a few rights. They were unable to leave the manor without permission from their lord
 * -Burghers-** middle-class merchants
 * -Hanseatic League-** an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in N. Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the 14th century
 * -Crusades-** military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the 11th through 14th centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity
 * -Heresies-** religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine
 * -Scholasticism-** a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the 13th century. Sometimes came into conflict with the church because it relied on the basis of reason instead of faith
 * -Pope Innocent III-** pope in the 13th century who issued strict decrees on church doctrine. Heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted and fourth attempted crusade was a failure
 * -Inquisition-** formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics
 * -Universal Church (aka Church Militant)-** the reference to the Church during the 13th century under the control of Pope Innocent III due to the pervasiveness and power of the church
 * -Thomas Aquinas-** (1225-1274) altered Christian thought in his book, Summa Theologica where he viewed that faith and reason were not in conflict as they were both gifts from God that are mutual to each other

=//The Emergence of Nation-States: Power Solidifies//= **-Interregnum-** a time between kings
 * -William the Conqueror-** duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and brought Anglo-Saxon domination of the island to an end
 * -Magna Carta-** (1215 CE) document reluctantly signed by King John to reinstate the feudal rights of the nobles and extended the rule of law to other people (middle-class). Also laid foundation of the Parliament, which was made up of nobles who were responsible as representatives. The Parliament was divided into the House of Lords (nobles and clergy who presided over legal issues and advised the king) and House of Commons (knights and upper middle-class who were concerned with issues of trade and taxation)
 * -King Hugh Capet-** (987) Ruler of a small area in France
 * -Joan of Arc-** a farm girl who claimed to have heard voices telling her to liberate France from the English and claimed the entire French territory by the early 15th century. Forced the British to retreat from Orleans but was burned at the stake by the French
 * -Hundred Year’s War-** (1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families
 * -Bourbons-** series of monarchs who unified and strengthened France
 * -Queen Isabella-** ruler of Castille who united Spain
 * -Ferdinand-** married Isabella in 1469 to overcome obstacles of not having single ruler controlling the region of Spain and peasants being split along religious lines. Led to the unity of Spain into a single monarchy and enlisting of the Catholic Church as a strong ally
 * -Spanish Inquisition-** Spanish forcing non-Christians to convert to Christianity or leave the country
 * -Urbanization-** cities such as Baghdad, Merv, and Chang’an became political and cultural centers for the new trade empires

=//What about Russia?//= -**Tatars**- group of Mongols from the east under Genghis Khan who conquered Russia in 1242 -**Czar-** Russian word for emperor
 * -Ivan the Terrible**- (mid-1500s) centralized power over Russia and used secret police against his own nobles while ruling ruthlessly

=//Developments in Asia//= =//China and Nearby Regions//= =//A Quick Review of the Rise and Fall and Rise and Fall and Rise//= -**T’ang Dynasty**- ruled China from 618-907 CE. Expanded Chinese territoriy into parts of Manshuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea. Collapsed due to local warlords’ increasing power. Chang’an as capital -**Emperor Xuanzong**- emperor during the T’ang dynasty -**Tribute System-** a system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. Independent countries (Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, and central Asian tribes) acknowledged supremacy of the Chinese emperor by sending ambassadors to the city with gifts during T’ang Dynasty. A similar system was reinforced during the Ming Dynasty
 * -Song Dynasty**- (960-1279) reunified China under Emperor Taizu. Fell to the Jerchen and then the Mongols in 1279, creating a short lived Yuan Dynasty. Developed printing processes that spread its literary accomplishments. Like the T’ang Dynasty, modifications made on the civil service examinations that were still kept on Confucian principles, built transportation and communication networks, developed new business practices (paper money and letter of credit). Capital in Hangzhou. Technologies included gunpowder, magnetic compass, watertight bulkheads, and sternpost rudders to make junks (merchant ships). Iron production increased tenfold.
 * -Civil Service in China-** a meritocracy where positions were earned in civil service by a strong performance on the civil service examination
 * -Movable Type-** invented during the Song Dynasty to increase literacy, bureaucrats among the lower classes, productivity, and population growth
 * -Champa Rice-** Originated in Vietnam. A fast-ripening rice leading to population rise from 45 million to 115 million

=//Chinese Women: One Bound to Lead, Most Just Bound//= -**Wu Zhao**- first and only Empress of China during T’ang Dynasty who was ruthless toward her enemies and compassionate toward peasants -**foot binding**- a tradition during the Song Dynasty were a woman’s feet would be bounded to keep them small, resulting in deformity and crippling. Large feet were seen as masculine and ugly so this practice was used by elite families

=//Religion in China: Diverse Beliefs//= -**Mahayana Buddhism-** focus on a peaceful and quite existence
 * -Chan Buddhism-** emphasis on meditation and appreciation of beauty that appealed to the educated class
 * -Reaction of Confucians and Daoists towards Buddhism-** Confucians saw Buddhism as a drain on both treasury and labor pool since Buddhism dismissed the need for materialism. Daoist saw it as a rival that was winning over the interest of their former followers. Emperor Wuzong persecuted and destroyed monasteries and reduced Buddhism’s influence in China in the mid-1800s

=//Neo-Confucianism in China//= //-//**Neo-Confucianism**- borrowed Buddhist ideas about the soul and individual. A guiding doctrine of the Song Dynasty and basis for civil service

=//Japan//= -**Yamato clan**- first important ruling family in the fifth century. First and only dynasty to rule Japan. Claimed to be descendents of the sun goddess to help them keep in power -**Shinto**- religion in Japan where they worshipped the kami (nature and all of the forces of nature) by following rituals and customs. Encouraged obedience and proper behavior with the main forces being sun goddess.

=//Can’t Get Enough of China? Go to Japan//= -**Spread of Buddhism-** monasteries were brought into Japan from China in 522. Spread quickly yet didn’t replace Shinto
 * -Prince Shotoku-** borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms from China
 * -Taika Reforms-** (645 CE) a legal code, an official variety of Confucianism, and an official respect for Buddhism, leading to a centralized govt. with a complex system of laws

=//Here Come the Fujiwara: At home in Heian//= -**Fujiwara**- Aristocratic family made up of priests, bureaucrats, and warrior that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the 9th and 12th centuries. Favored men of Confucian learning over generally illiterate warriors. Women had little freedom

=//Feudal Japan//= -**Shogun**- chief general who had power. Yoritomo Minamoto became shogun in 1192 -**Daimyo-** huge landowners/ samurai who were given land
 * -Code of Bushido-** similar to a code of chivalry in Europe in that it focused on loyalty, courage, and honor. If a samurai failed to meet the obligations, he was expected to commit suicide

=//Vietnam and Korea//= -**Korea-** a vassal-state with tribute-relations with China, resulting in the spread of Chan Buddhism and Confucianism
 * -Vietnam- **actively resisted T’ang armies even though a tribute relationship was eventually established. Accepted Confucian education yet still revolted against T’ang authorities

=// India //= **-Delhi Sultanate**- (1206-1526) Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. Islam spread throughout most of N. India and tried to convert Hindus. Non-Muslims had to pay a tax and violence occasionally erupted. Northern India converted to Islam while vast majority in S. India remained as Hindus. Colleges were found and irrigation systems improved =// The Rise and Fall of the Mongols //= -**Genghis Khan-** unified the Mongol tribes and led the Mongol invasion of China in 1234. Created first pony express and postal system and gave tax breaks to teachers and clerics within empire. Didn’t attempt to force a unified religion or way of life on its people -**The Mongol Empire-** Spanned from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. Highly organized and mobile in military technique. Expanded trade between Persia and India as well as well transmission of the Black Plague in the 14th century. **-Hordes-** small, independent empires **-Khublai Khan-** (1215-1294) Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294)and founder of the Yuan Empire **-Golden Horde-** Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu. Based in Southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Conquered Russia, which was treated as a vassal-state that didn’t unify or culturally develop quickly. =// Timur Wasn’t Timid //= **-Timur Lang**- (1336-1405) Member of a prominent family of the Mongols’ Jagadai Khanate. Timur though conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. Strengthened the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, Maintained this empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India. =// Interaction Kush, Axum, and the Swahili Coast //= **-Kush-** Developed south of Egypt in the upper reaches of the Nile River around the same time as ancient Egypt. In 750 BCE, it conquered Egypt until retreating southward back to Meroe (capital and center for ironworks and trade). Declined around 200 CE. **-Axum-** Developed in the south at modern-day Ethiopia. Didn’t conquer any civilizations but traded in ivory and gold. Converted to Christianity in fourth century and then Islam in 7th. **-Swahili Coast**- Swahili language is a mix of the original Bantu language supplemented by Arabic. Traded with Muslims in early 10th century with gold, slaves, ivory, and exotic products. East coast of Africa with people laving lives as farmers, merchants, and fisherman who were linked to India and Southeast Asia by the Indian Ocean Trade =// The Other Side of the Sand: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai //= -**Ghana-** (about 800-1000 CE) Subjected to a Holy War led by the Islamic group intent on converting them. Went into decline after defeating them yet converted to Islam with Mali became dominant in power. First known kingdom in sub-Saharan W. Africa between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast **-Mansa Musa**- Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire’s reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. Built a capital at Timbuktu. In 1307, made a pilgrimage to Mecca with an extravagant journey. **-Sonni Ali**- Songhai ruler and founder of the largest empire in W. Africa formed in mid-15th century. Empire lasted until 1600 CE with Timbuktu being a cultural center with a university =// The Arts in Africa //= -**Oral literature-** history and story passed through storytelling **-Benin-** culture near present-day Nigeria that mastered a bronze sculpting technique =// Mayan Decline: Where Did They Go? //= -**Mayan Decline**- Had city-states ruled by a single king and a largely agriculture peasant population. Began abandoning cities around 800 CE with debatable reasons. =// The Aztecs: Trade and Sacrifice //= **-Aztec-** (1325-1521 CE) Central Mexico during the mid-1200s. Had an expansionist policy and professional army that controlled nearby states and demand heavy taxes and captives. Warriors as elite of the social structure, which had an empire of 12 million people. There was no bureaucratic form of government; conquered areas had self-government and paid tribute. Purpose of military was to obtain victims for human sacrifice. Women were able to inherit property but had subordinate public role. -**Tenochtitlan-** capital of the Aztec empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins =// The Incas: My Land is Your Land //= -**Inca-** Andes Mountains in Peru. Had a professional army, an established bureaucracy, a unified language, and system of roads and tunnels. Source of labor was human with a large proportion of the population as peasants. Capital was at Cuzco with about 300,000 people during late 1400s. Incan women worked in field and household yet passed property on to their daughters and played a role in religion. They were polytheistic, had (human) sacrifices, and sun god as center of state religion. King owned all territory, and the nobility controlled a state bureaucracy. ** -Temple of the Sun-** temple worshipping sun god in Incan capital, Cuzco ** -Machu Picchu-** part of Inca **-quipu-** set of knotted strings to record census data and keep an accounting of harvests as they had no system of writing // 3. Review of Interactions Among Cultures, 600 CE- 1450 // =// Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion //= -**Trade Routes**- Mediterranean Trade between W. Europe, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Empire; Hanseatic League; Silk Rod; land routes by the Mongols; Trade between China and Japan; trade between India and Persia; the Trans-Saharan trade routes between W. Africa and the Islamic Empire **-Bubonic Plague**- Black Death starting in Asia in the 14th century that was spread to Europe. A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world. =// The Playground Isn’t Big Enough for Two Bullies: Crusaders and Jihad //= **-First Crusade-** initiated by Pope Urban in 1096 CE in response to the Seljuk Turks taking control of the Holy Land. Wanted control of Jerusalem to reunite the Roman Catholic Church with the Eastern Orthodox Church. All four crusades were not beneficial, increasing tensions between Christians and Muslims. =// Technology and Innovations 600 CE-1450 //= -**Islamic World**- paper mills, universities, algebra, astrolabe, sextant, chess, modern soap formula, guns, cannons, mechanical pendulum clock, distilled alcohol, surgical instruments **-China**- gunpowder cannons, movable type, paper currency, porcelain, terrace farming, water-powered mills, cotton sails, water clock, magnetic compass, state-run factories