Age+of+Revolution2009

Part 6 - Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750-1870 - p537 Chapter 21 - Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850 - p540
 * Francois Dominique Toussaint a.k.a Toussaint l'Ouverture was a very important leader
 * wrote nations first constitution
 * organized rebels intomilitary force
 * leader of insurrection
 * First stage of Industrial Revolution
 * increased manufacturing
 * global interdependence
 * changed social structures
 * ancien regime=Europe's old order

i. Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis - p542
 * Britain, France, and Spain were main countries in global struggles
 * 1) Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises
 * Netherlands sent an attack on American/Asian colonies under Spain and Portugal in 1600s
 * Great Britain attacked Spanish regions in the Americas
 * Britain and France struggled for preeminence in Western Europe and for territory and trade
 * The War of the Spanish Succession went from 1701-1714
 * The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) was caused by Britain and Spain over smuggling in the Americas
 * French and Indian War led to the Seven Years War (1756-1763)
 * The Seven Years War led Britain to become in debt by 137 million pounds
 * 1) The Enlightenment and the Old Order
 * Enlightenment=a complex and diverse intellectual movement which applied methods and questioning of the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century to study human society
 * Linnaeus categorized living organisms
 * Samuel Johnson published the first English dictionary
 * new perspectives and ideas began to arise
 * Locke said that the government was supposed to protect life, liberty, and property and that people had the right to rebel if the government was not following this
 * Rousseau (1712-1778) was a French-Swiss intellectual
 * said that the will of the people is sacred and monarchs should depend on the consent of the people
 * Locke focused on individual rights where as Rousseau focused on the people together because of his experience
 * Charles III of Spain, Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, and Frederick the Great of Prussia sponsored and promoted new ideas
 * monarchs knew that science and technology could lead to an increased economy
 * women also discussed writings and were able to influence the world
 * women used their homes as a meeting place for philosophers, critics, artists, and more
 * The Enlightenment affected mainly the middle class in Europe and the Western Hemisphere
 * Benjamin Franklin was a writer and inventor that helped shape America
 * he was born in Boston in 1706
 * he retired to focus on writing, science, and public affairs
 * created the Philadelphia Free Library, American Philosophical Society, and the University of Pennsylvania
 * invented the bifocal glasses, the lightning rod, and the wood-burning stove
 * he is also associated with the Declaration of Independence
 * some resisted the Enlightenment because they thought that it assaulted the church
 * Counter Enlightenment=mostly in France and Catholic nations
 * emphasized faith for happiness and duty to the community
 * 1) Folk Cultures and Popular Protest
 * The West was loyal to cultural values, both local and individual
 * monarchs wanted more power so they reformed taxes, judicial practice, and public administration
 * the people rioted, attacked royal officials, and protested against taxes
 * rationalists of the Enlightenment wanted to ban cultural traditions because they thought that they were corrupt
 * this caused more protests, rebellions, and riots

ii. The American Revolution, 1775-1800 - p547 iii. The French Revolution, 1789-1815 - p552 iv. Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789-1850 - p561
 * American Revolution (1775-1800)
 * social order was no longer determined by birth, but instead it depended on competition and social mobility
 * 1) Frontiers and Taxes
 * Britain limited the settlement in Amerindian lands to lower expenses
 * in the Great Lakes region, they reduced prices on fur, didn't pay rent, and they didn't give gifts to the French, which is a part of French culture
 * Amerindians had to hunt more aggressively, which put more pressure on the environment
 * Pontiac (Ottawa chief) led forces to drive the British out of their land
 * The Proclamation of 1763 established limits for settlement, which did not protect Amerindian land
 * The Stamp Act of 1765 placed taxes on all legal documents, such as newspapers
 * people organized groups like the Sons of Liberty
 * help public meetings
 * intimidated royal officials
 * developed committees to enforce boycotts
 * colonists rebelled, but Britain threatened their freedom
 * Britain killed five people in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770
 * protesters dumped 10,000 pounds worth of tea into the Boston Harbor
 * Thomas Gage was the governor of Massachusetts and he closed the Boston port
 * 1) The Course of the Revolution, 1775-1783
 * patriot leaders made new government bodies that removed British officials from offices
 * George Washington (1732-1799) was a Virginia planter who led the army of Congress
 * Common Sense was written by Thomas Paine
 * The Declaration of Independence was published on July 4, 1776
 * the most enduring statement of the revolutionary era's ideology
 * British military forces were sent to control colonists
 * Iroquois Confederacy protected lands through diplomacy and warfare; they were deciding whether to become allies or enemies to Britain
 * Joseph Brant (Mohawk leader) led the best force along Canadian Border
 * fluent in English
 * translated Protestant into Mohawk
 * France allied with the United States in 1778 because Britain was weak
 * General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia
 * The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and it granted unconditional independence and generous boundaries for former colonies of the United States for repayment of prewar debts
 * loyalists left to retreat to Canada
 * 1) The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800
 * the states created new governments
 * some of the documents were translated and published in Europe
 * The Second Continental Congress made Articles of the Confederation in 1777, but it was not accepted by all states until 1781
 * one-house legislation, where the state counts as only one vote
 * a majority is needed for minor legislation, but nine votes are needs to go to war, create new taxes, or coin or borrow money
 * Constitutional Convention met on May 1787 achieved a nonviolent Second American Revolution
 * George Washington was the presiding officer
 * a small amount of people had full rights
 * a slave counted as 3/5 of a person because in multiplied the political power of the slave owning class
 * the southern states had a twenty year slave trade contract and all runaway slaves must be returned to their owner
 * women influenced the revolution, but they still did not have any political rights
 * only New Jersey allowed African-Americans and women to vote until 1807 when lawmakers eliminated this right

Chapter 22 - The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 - p568 i. Causes of the Industrial Revolution - p569 ii. The Technological Revolution - p574 iii. The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution - p582 iv. New Economic and Political Ideas - p587 v. Industrialization and the Nonindustrial World - p589

Chapter 23 - Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890 - p592 i. Independence in Latin America, 1800-1830 - p593 ii. The Problem of Order, 1825-1890 - p599 iii. The Challenge of Social and Economic Change - p610

Chapter 24 - Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870 - p623 i. Changes and Exchanges in Africa - p624 ii. India Under British Rule - p633 iii. Britain's Eastern Empire - p641

Chapter 25 - Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870 - p650 i. The Ottoman Empire - p651 ii. The Russian Empire - p663 iii. The Qing Empire - p667

Part Seven - Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850-1945 - p677 Chapter 26 - New Technologies and the World Economy - p681 i. New Technologies and the World Economy - p681 ii. Social Changes - p685 iii. Socialism and Labor Movements - p690 iv. Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy - p691 v. The Great Powers of Europe, 1871-1900 - p698 vi. Japan Joins the Great Powers, 1865-1905 - p700

Chapter 27 - The New Imperialism, 1869-1914 - p707 i. The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods - p708 Europe the oldest example of imperialism. New Imperialism was territorial conquests of Europeans on non-industrialized land. Used economic and technological means to get dependent regions into world economy. 10 million square miles were “land-grabbed” by US and Europe. Political Motives- Many nations wanted to regain political prestige (France) or to re-assure their large empires of money and greed (Britain). Power was political motive. Regional leaders also felt the same way. Cultural Motives- Conversion to Christianity large reason for New Imperialism. Many missionaries wished to show reason to heathens. Many also wished to create “better lies” and promote “positive change.”Often views of inferiority lead to racism against individuals of less powerful nations. Racism lead to excuse for permanent rule over native peoples. Glory in peacetime for young “conquistadors” also reason. Oversea extension of nationalism led to New Imperialism. Economic Motives- Industrialization needed resources that were often attainable in non-industrialized nations including copper, tin, chrome, gold, diamonds, cotton, rubber, sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Many nations wanted economic back-up after depression of 1870’s. Tools of Imperialists- Industrialization allowed for cost-effective empires. Europeans dominated oceans and boats with steamers and clippers and Suez Canal only contributed to that. Telegraph cables also allowed for further domination. Malaria hampered European conquest until quinine was created and helped against disease. New firearms like breech-loaders, smokeless powder, repeaters, and machine guns were used to assure land dominance and to create empires. Firepower gap opened and conquests became easier and easier for Europeans. Battle of Omdurman in Sudan 1898- amazing victory for Anglo-Egyptians against Sudanese that outnumbered. Science>barbarians. Colonial Agents and Administration- Colonialism began (practice of administering and exploiting colonies for benefit of home country) European colonies (Australia) governed themselves and non-European colonies (Africa) were imposed upon. Colonialism only worked with consent of indigenous elites. White women in Africa led to increased racial segregation.

ii. The Scramble for Africa - p713 1879 Africans ruled more than 90 percent of continent. Africa then invaded and divided by Europeans in “scramble for Africa” Egypt- European involvement in Egypt caused by Egyptian separation from Ottomans and Suez Canal. Egypt had large debt from expansion and modernization owed to Europe. Egypt sold shares of Suez Canal and had foreign “commissioners of the debt.” French and British influence caused hardship and discontent and Ottomans deposed Egyptian leaders. Arabi Pasha had military uprising that threatened the Suez Canal and Britain sent military and created empire. Egyptian economy helped by Britain with cotton production. Nile dam created. Egyptians were mad about British rule due to Quran violations in 1890’s and demanded their removal of troops. Western and Equatorial Africa- French explored and imperialized West Africa. American journalist Henry Morton Stanley persuaded King Leopold II of Belgium to invest in equatorial Africa. Savorgnan de Brazza created an area that placed part of the Congo Basin under French protection. The Berlin Conference decided that all nations that wanted part of Africa needed to send troops to Africa to divide the region. Leopold II got to name the region the “Congo Free State.” Occupation was difficult and took long periods of time due to resistance. West African trade was utilized for mass profit by Europeans. Equatorial Africa had no trade and instead was used to create massive monopolies. Often many horrors took place concerning racism and over exposure and soon Leopold’s private empire was made Belgian. Southern Africa- South Africa attracted many people including Afrikaners (Dutch Africans) British prospectors, and British Indians. South Africa had good farmland and large deposits of minerals like gold, silver, and coal. Diamonds led to increased conflicts. The British defeated the Xhosa people and then eventually the Zulu people who disliked the presence of the Europeans. British and Afrikaner relationships grew harsh as well due to tensions over money and soon Brits outnumbered Afrikaners. Cecil Rhodes led the British South African Company to push north and inhabit present day Zambia and Zimbabwe. British and Afrikaners fought but British priorities changed and soon the Afrikaners were dominant again. South Africa became bitter over racial and social segregations. Political and Social Consequences- Africans were divided when Europeans took over. Some accepted Europeans as means of eliminating allies. Other groups fought against European rule and were often exterminated completely. Asante was a commercial state that fought against European rule. Only one resistance movement succeeded, the Menelik became emperor of Ethiopia and the Treaty of Wichelle granted weapons and protection and Ethiopia. Many Africans tried to live as they did before European rule. Land changed hands and often Africans were forced to leave or accommodate to the customs of the new landholders. Many African laborers were taken advantage of and received as much as one tenth the amount of pay. Women were often acceptant of the imperialism but some were also put into captivity. Socially the rights of Africans dropped due to European presence. Cultural Responses- Missionaries changed the basic skills and educations of Africans as well as changed their central moral basis. Samuel Ajayi Crowther was the first African bishop in 1864. Many Africans saw hypocrisy in the European missionaries and their very Un-Christian imperialism of Africa. Also Indigenous churches converted many to Ethiopian churches with Christianity with African values. European colonization caused the spread of Islam in Africa, and Islam doubled during the time period.

iii. Asia and Western Dominance - p722 Asia and the East Indies and the Pacific Islands felt the pressures of industrialization and national European prestige. Europe had many trading posts in Asia that lead to the creation of the Suez Canal. Central Asia- Russians used to be at the mercy of nomads from the steppes but when Russia industrialized and had modern rifles and artillery the Russians were clearly superior. In 1865 and 1876 Russians invaded the steppes and killed off tribes like the Kazakhs and took the land. Kazakhstan had rich agricultural land that was used. Tsar Alexander II claimed to endorse indigenous customs, yet the nomads were not included in the newfound riches of the land. Russia also conquered the land south of Kazakhstan. Russia brought railroads, abolished slavery, and new agricultural benefits to the land without intentionally changing the customs of the natives. Southeast Asia and Indonesia- Southeast Asian regions had diverse cultures and levels of interactions with Europeans. Yet Industrialization was felt throughout the region. Britain obtained Burma, Malaya. France obtained Indochina. Dutch obtained Sumatra. Only Siam was independent. These lands had great agricultural access and traditions and allowed for easy European commercial use. The regions traded wealth from agriculture for peace and reliable food supplies. Populations doubled at the time in the region. Agriculture did eliminate many indigenous hunter-gatherers and many immigrant workers did change the cultural composition of the land. Christianity and Islam flourished in the region. Political ideas changed due to presence of industrialization also. Hawaii and the Philippines 1878-1902- The United States began to become involved in expansion into the Pacific and imperialism. Hawaii soon became an informal protectorate of the US. Hawaii was annexed and soon was a stepping stone to Asia. Filipinos revolted against their Spanish leaders under Emilio Aguinaldo and the Philippines became a republic in 1898. The US went to war with Spain in 1898 and then purchased the Philippines from Spain for 20 million dollars. Emilio Aguinaldo turned once again against the establishment and fought the US. Many lives were lost due to the conflict. Eventually the US promised the Philippines independence that was fulfilled thirty years after the promise.

iv. Imperialism in Latin America - p727 Canada and the US were manufacturing industrialized nations while many Latin American nations were exporters of raw materials. The US figured that easy manipulation of these countries could take place through free-trade imperialism. South America had political and economic pressure on it while Central America and the Caribbean had military influence from the US. Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade- Latin America had large economic potential but needed development from the interior. Railroads seemed the best way to accomplish the development. Soon railroads were made throughout the lands, yet Latin America did not have a steel industry or experts on railroads. Therefore, imperialism from the US and Britain occurred due to the presence of free trade and railroad construction. American Expansionism and the Spanish-American War, 1898- Europeans used their financial power to penetrate Latin America. Europe did invade the land due resistance in the past, overextension, lack of incentive, and the US. The Monroe Doctrine was influential in the practice of imperialism for the US and not Europe. The US liked Cuba and helped liberate it from Spanish rule. The USS Maine blew up and the US Congress blamed Spain in an ultimatum that led to war. The Spanish-American War ended quickly with the defeat of the Spanish fleet in Manila and several other naval victories. The US acquired Puerto Rico and Guam in the war. American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1901-1914- The nations of the Caribbean and Central America were not stable and seemed easy targets for foreign interference. Over the years, the US had different strategies on how t maintain and “protect” Central America from European influence. The Platt Amendment in 1901 allowed for The US to intervene n Cuban issues. US also occupied the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Haiti. The US was intrusive in Panama in relation to the Canal. The US condoned the rebellion of Panama away from Colombia and then created the canal for US warship purposes v. The World Economy and the Global Environment - p730 New Imperialists aimed to have power over territories and control the natural world and indigenous societies to put them to work. Goals and methods were industrial. “Our Civilizing Mission” Expansion of the World Economy- Europe had always been a market for foreign goods. But Industrialization expanded this need for outside resources. The trade of industrial raw materials grew faster and faster. Some products were agricultural and some were based on separate forms of cultivation. New forms of production had to be made to match the growing demand and needs of the industrial world. Imperialists tried to change local markets to fit the world market and their own demands. Transportation also improved dramatically. Canals and increased numbers of railroads and steamships allowed for easier transfer of goods and flowing economics. Transformation of the Global Environment- The economic changes also changed the environments of the world. Deforestation for industrial or economic needs changed the way lands were used. Economic botany was common and used especially for the production of efficient ways to expand industrialization or imperialism. New crops were mass introduced and changed the ecological composition of the land. Irrigation transformed humidity levels and allowed for new agricultural opportunities to arise. More acres of cultivation were revealed in one forty year span than in all of previous history due to irrigation. Railroads changed land to allow for tracks to be laid. Canals were introduced to allow for ease of trade. Mineral searches excavated through mountains in hopes of finding precious goods. The transformation of land by humans peaked sharply and altered all that was unique about land regions geographically and ecologically. Unit 4 Test prep