Chapter+31+Guided+Reading

**“The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945 – 1975”**
 * Guided Reading Chapter 31**


 * Terms:**
 * 1.** **“Iron Curtain”** – Winston Churchill’s term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West
 * 2.** **Marshall Plan** – US program to support the reconstruction of western Europe after WWII; provided $12.5 billion and aided in form of food, raw materials, and other goods.
 * 3.** **Truman Doctrine** – Foreign policy initiated by US president Harry Truman in 1947. It offered military aid to help Turkey and Greece resist Society military pressure and subversion.
 * 4.** **“military-industrial complex”** – After the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed, the US and Soviet Union began the slow process of negotiating weapons limits, a process made even slower by the vested interests of military officers and arms industries in each country – what President Eisenhower called the “military-industrial complex”
 * 5.** **Helsinki** **Accords** – Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland by the Soviet Union and western European countries; affirmed that no boundaries should be changed by military force
 * 6.** **Sputnik** – Satellite placed into orbit by the Soviet Union
 * 7.** **decolonization**
 * 8.** **The Mau Mau** – a made-up name by white settlers in British colonies to evoke primitive savagery
 * 9.** **apartheid** – racial separation
 * 10.** **“homelands”**
 * 11.** **nonaligned nations** – term of Third World countries preferred by leaders, signifying freedom from membership on either side.
 * 12.** **The Third World** – “everyone else” not included in the West, led by the US, and the East, led by the Soviet Union
 * 13.** **Great Leap Forward**
 * 14.** **Cultural Revolution**


 * Individuals / Peoples:**
 * 15.** **Dwight D. Eisenhower** – President of the US (1953-1961); debated whether to aid France militarily during the battle for Dienbienphu against Ho Chi Minh’s communist party.
 * 16.** **John F. Kennedy** – President of US from 1961-1963; decided to support South Viet government and then secretly encouraged the overthrow of their president Diem.
 * 17.** **Ngo Dinh Diem** – President of South Vietnamese government; later executed
 * 18.** **Lyndon B. Johnson** – Served as US president from 1963-1969 after Kennedy was assassinated; obtained support from Congress for unlimited expansion of US military deployment after an apparent North Vietnamese attack on two US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
 * 19.** **Nikita Khrushchev** – Soviet leader
 * 20.** **Ho Chi Minh** – Helped form the Communish Party in France; later returned to Vietnam to found the Indochina Communist Party; his government took over North Vietnam (communists)
 * 21.** **Kwame Nkrumah** – (1909-1972) Became prime minister of Ghana in 1957
 * 22.** **Jomo Kenyatta** – Kenyan nationalist; a Ph.D. in anthropology; joined by Nkrumah to found an organization devoted to African freedom; elected first president of the Republic of Kenya in 1964
 * 23.** **Nelson Mandela**
 * 24.** **Fidel Castro** – Cuban president
 * 25.** **Che Guevara** – Fidel Castro’s chief lieutenant who became the main theorist of communist revolution in Latin America


 * Important Places:**
 * 26.** **Jammu** **and Kashmir** – Northwestern state ruled by a Hindu who decided to join India without consulting his Muslim subjects.
 * 27.** **Bangladesh** – the Bengali-speaking eastern section of Pakistan broke up in 1971… which became the independent country of Bangladesh.


 * Wars/Conflicts:**
 * 28.** **The Cold War** – The state of political tension between the US and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies
 * 29.** **The Korean War** – Conflict that began with Communist North Korea’s invasion of Non-communist South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the US) allying with South Korea and the People’s Republic of China allying with North Korea
 * 30.** **The Vietnam War** – 1954-1975; Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the US.
 * 31.** **Cuban Missile Crisis** – Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba
 * 32.** **Battle** **of Dienbeinphu**
 * 33.** **Bay of Pigs** **Invasion**


 * Organizations/Alliances:**
 * 34.** **North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** – Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American sates against the Soviet Union and its east European allies
 * 35.** **United Nations (UN)** – International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation; replaced the League of Nations; two main bodies: the General Assembly and the Security Council
 * 36.** **International Monetary Fund (IMF)** – Used currency reserves from member nations to finance temporary trade deficits
 * 37.** **World Bank** – Organization that was to provide funds for reconstructing Europe and helping needy countries after the war
 * 38.** **Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)** – launched in 1948 by European governments; cooperative policies first focused on coal and steel
 * 39.** **European Economic Community (Common Market)** – 1957, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg signed a treaty creating the European Economic Community, aka the Common Market. By 1970s, these nations had nearly overtaken the US in industrial production
 * 40.** **European Community (EC)** – expansion of the Common Market: alliance included Great Britain, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, and Austria
 * 41.** **Warsaw Pact** – The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 * 42.** **African National Conference (ANC)**
 * 43.** **Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC)** – formed by oil-producing states to promote their collective interest in higher revenues