Ch+25+Guided+Reading

1. ** Ulama ** - Muslim religious scholars who were against secularization of law and taxation proposed by Selim, and they were one of the opponents along with Janissaries to force Selim to suspend reform program in 1806 2. **Tanzimat**- “restructuring” reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient. Reforms included public trials and equal protection regardless of religion, rights of privacy, equal eligibility for conscription, a new method of tax collection ending Ottoman’s tax farming, abolishing special tax for non-Muslims, and all male subjects had equal access to courts. Start of Middle East’s modern thought and enlightened government. 3. ** fez ** - brimless cap worn by Muslims soldiers to solve controversy of European military caps with leather bills that made foreheads touch the ground during prayers 4. ** percussion caps ** -(1830s-1840s) Europe adopted percussion caps to eliminate having to pour gunpowder into a musket’s barrel. 5. ** breech-loading rifles ** - more accurate and rapid rifles than those that had to be loaded at the barrel that became contribution of Crimean War’s transition to modern weapons. 6. ** extraterritoriality ** - the right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the host country’s laws. In the 19th and 20th centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right after the Opium and Crimean War. 7. **“Young Turks”**- (Young Ottomans) movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the 2nd half of 19th century. They promoted European liberal ideas, pride in Ottoman independence, and modern Islamic views, and sultan Abdul Hamid II publicized their drafted constitution. Yet, in 1877, the constitution and newly elected parliament suspended due to threats of war against Russia in Balakans. 8. **Bannermen**- hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. Those who had weapons used hazardous matchlocks (where gunpowder had to be ignited by hand) while most had no guns. 9. **treaty ports**- cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qin Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality In 1842, treaty ports locations increased from Canton to Canton, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai; by 1900, there were 90 treaty ports in China 12. **Imperial Maritime Customs Service**- Robert Hart became Britain inspector-general of Imperial Maritime Customs Service to make sure China can pay debt to Britain. It collected revenues to be split among China and Britain and created smooth communications between Britain and America with China with Britons and Americans working for the Qing government. 13. ** Sultan Selim III ** - (r. 1789-1807) Ottoman sultan who started reform by creating European-style military units, standardizes taxation and land possession, and brought centralized control over provincial governors. His ideas of reforms were protested against due to political reasons. In 1806, his program was suspended, and he was later executed after a revolt in Istanbul. 14. **Janissaries**- infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the 15th century until the corps was abolished in 1826 by Sultan Mahmud II. They opposed Selim III’s reforms because they wanted to preserve economic privileges and resist creation of new military units. Also, they were provincial governors of Serbia who are resented by residents due to claims of abuse towards Orthodox Christians. 15. ** Mahmud II ** - (r. 1808-1839) Selim’s cousin who continued reforms by using Egyptian’s failure to suppress Greece’s rebellion to show people need of reformations. In 1826, he created new military unit and destroyed Janissary corps when they attempted to revolt. 16. **Hong Xiuquan**- founder of Taiping movement, which he called the “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” that attracted many believers, mostly Hakkas. After failing the government examination several times, he met missionaries that led to his interpretation of the Christian message. He had had a humble Hakka background who saw himself as the Jesus’ brother who had the desire of driving the Qing out of China. 17. **Cixi**- (after 1880s) known as the “Empress Dowager” who was seen as corrupt and arrogant. During the 1860s and 1870s, as a supporter of reform, she helped provincial governors and made eunuchs important political factors. 18. ** Serbia ** - the Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After WWII, the central province of Yugosalvia, Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s 19. **Crimean War**- (1853-1856) conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula due to Eastern Question. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. Russian fleet trapped in Black Sea, and British and French invaded Sevastopol, Russia’s main base in Crimea. Russian military were of no match and suffered from disease, and they couldn’t gain supplies with lack of railroads and government corruption. Tsar Nicolas died and Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) surrendered. First appearance of newspaper used as public support for war. 20. **White Lotus Rebellion**- 1794-1804) increased internal conflicts across central China. Village militias’ techniques used in conflict were later helpful in trying to defend against British invasions. It was inspired by a prediction of the restoration of the Ming dynasty and the coming of Buddha. 21. **The Opium War** (1839 – 1842)- War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government’s refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. British excelled in sea, had long range artillery, and had gunboats for shallow waters while Qing troops moved on foot with few and inefficient weapons.  22. **Taiping Rebellion**- (1853-1864) the most destructive civil war before the 20th century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Caused by ethnic divisions and lowliest trade given to minority group (Hakkas). Resulted into 20-30 million deaths caused by starvation and disease from sieges (Shanghia) and the destruction of cultivated areas in C. and E. China 23. **Arrow War**- (1856-1860) second opium war with the invasion of Beijing and taking over Summer Palace (1860) where British and French joined Qing against Taiping. 24. **Tongzhi Restoration**- supervised by Zeng Guofan to restore agriculture, communications, education, and publishing and reforming military and armaments manufacture. He encouraged women to be educated and sponsored a program to send Chinese boys to Hartford, Connecticut for education. 25. **Treaty of Nanking**- (1842) the treaty that concluded the Opium War. Awarded Britain a large compensation from Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and surrender Hong Kong to Britain. British residents gained extraterritoriality. Qing set an inexpensive tax of 5% on imports and paid Britain 21 million ounces of silver for starting war.
 * Guided Reading for Chapter 25; Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870 **
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 * 10. **** most-favored nation status- ** a clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. When status was given to Britain, it prevented colonization in China because if land were given to one country, the all other countries would have land too.
 * 11. **** “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” ** - Taiping movement founded by Hong Ziuquan to drive Manchus out of China. Resulted into the Taiping Rebellion (1853-1864).
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