Ch+31+Outline

Chapter 31: The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975 -**“iron curtain”**- Winston Churchill’s term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the US-dominated South =__ The Cold War __= **-North Atlantic Treaty Organization-** Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of W. European and N. American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies
 * -Cold War**- (1945-1991) the ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. The Cold War came to an end when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991

// The United Nations //
-(1994) representatives from US, Britain, and Soviet Union drafted United Nations Charter -ratified on October 24, 1945 -all signatories renounced war and territorial conquest -**United Nations**- International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. Replaced the League of Nations -General Assembly and Security Council -Five permanent members (China, France, Great Britain, US, and Soviet Union) and seven rotating members -operated on majority vote -big Five has veto power -looked up for material assistance and access to wider political world

// Capitalism and Communism //
-(July 1944) economic specialists met at Bretten Woods to create new international monetary system -fix exchange rates and create IMF and World Bank -IMF used currency reserves from member nations to finance temporary trade deficits -**World Bank**- A specialized agency of UN that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development -reconstruct Europe and help needy countries after the war -Soviet Union attended Bretton Woods Conference -signed agreements -(1946) went into effect -established closed monetary system for itself and new communist regimes in E. Europe -Western countries: supply and demand determined prices -Soviet economy: govt. agencies owed goods and set prices according to governmental priorities -US economy recovered during WWII -full employment and high wages -**Marshall Plan**- US program to support the reconstruction of W. Europe after WWII. By 1961 more than $20 billion in economic aid had been dispersed -Great Britain’s Labour Party govt. nationalized coal, steel, railroads, and health care -French nationalized public utilities -(1948) European created Organization of European Economic Cooperation -focused on coal and steel -lowering tariffs -(1957) France, W. Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg signed Economic Community (Common Market) -**European Community**- an organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the EU in 1993 -Western Europe’s wages increased, unemployment fell, and social welfare benefits expanded -increase spending on health care, unemployment benefits, pensions, public housing, and grants for poor families w/ children -demand for consumer goods -(1950-1970) automobile ownership increased 9 times -Soviet state relied on bureaucratic agencies and political process to determine production, distribution, and price of goods -Soviet economy had natural resources, large population, and energy -technical and scientific education investments -forced labor -(1970s) Soviet industry failed to meet domestic demand -US and Soviet Union competed in providing loans, grants, and supplying arms to countries willing to align with them

//Capitalism and Communism//
-(July 1944) economic specialists met at Bretten Woods to create new international monetary system -fix exchange rates and create IMF and World Bank -IMF used currency reserves from member nations to finance temporary trade deficits -**World Bank**- A specialized agency of UN that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development -reconstruct Europe and help needy countries after the war -Soviet Union attended Bretton Woods Conference -signed agreements -(1946) went into effect -established closed monetary system for itself and new communist regimes in E. Europe -Western countries: supply and demand determined prices -Soviet economy: govt. agencies owed goods and set prices according to governmental priorities -US economy recovered during WWII -full employment and high wages -**Marshall Plan**- US program to support the reconstruction of W. Europe after WWII. By 1961 more than $20 billion in economic aid had been dispersed -Great Britain’s Labour Party govt. nationalized coal, steel, railroads, and health care -French nationalized public utilities -(1948) European created Organization of European Economic Cooperation -focused on coal and steel -lowering tariffs -(1957) France, W. Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg signed Economic Community (Common Market) -**European Community**- an organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the EU in 1993 -Western Europe’s wages increased, unemployment fell, and social welfare benefits expanded -increase spending on health care, unemployment benefits, pensions, public housing, and grants for poor families w/ children -demand for consumer goods -(1950-1970) automobile ownership increased 9 times -Soviet state relied on bureaucratic agencies and political process to determine production, distribution, and price of goods -Soviet economy had natural resources, large population, and energy -technical and scientific education investments -forced labor -(1970s) Soviet industry failed to meet domestic demand -US and Soviet Union competed in providing loans, grants, and supplying arms to countries willing to align with them

//West Versus East in Europe and Korea//
-rapid emergence of communist regimes in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Albania -threat to Western -**Truman Doctrine**- foreign policy initiated by US president Harry Truman in 1947. Offered military aid to help Turkey and Greece resist Soviet military pressure and subversion -Turkey and Greece became part of NATO -**Warsaw Pact**- the 1955 treaty binding the SU and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against NATO -(1948-1949) SU blockaded British, French, and American zones in Berlin -defeated with airlifts of food and fuel -(1961) built Berlin Wall to prevent citizens from fleeing to the noncommunist W. part of the city -Western forces encouraged Yugoslavia to join against Warsaw Pact -(1956) SU defeated anti-Soviet revolt in Hungary -(1968) SU repressed reform efforts in Czechoslovakia -SU had north of 38th parallel and American south -(1948) communist N. Korea and noncommunist S. Korea became independent states -**Korean War**- (1950-1953) Conflict that began with N. Korea’s invasion of S. Korea and came to involve the UN allying with S. Korea and the People’s Republic of China allying with N. Korea -truce along 38th parallel but cease-fire lines remained fortified and no concluded peace treaties

//United States Defeat in Vietnam//
-Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) formed Communist Party in France -(1930) returned to Vietnam to found the Indochina Communist Party -nationalist coalition called Viet Minh fought French -took over north -President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) and advisers debated whether to aid France militarily -decided to not prop up French colonial rule in Vietnam -communist N. Vietnam supported communist guerilla movement Viet Cong against S. Vietnam -John F. Kennedy (s. 1961-1963) and support S. Viet govt. of Ngo Dinh Dem -increased number of American military advisers from 685 to 16,000 to overthrow Diem -Lyndon Johnson (s. 1963-1969) was allowed for unlimited expansion of US military deployment after a N. Vietnamese attack on 2 US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin -**Vietnam War**- (1954-1975) conflict putting N. Vietnam and S. Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the S. Vietnamese govt., aided after 1961 by the US -Viet Cong and N. Vietnamese allies victory at 1968 Tet Offensive -antiwar movement in US -(1973) treaty between N. Vietnam and US ended US involvement in war -violated with Viet Cong taking over of Saigon and renaming it as Ho Chi Minh City -two parts of Vietnam reunited into singe state ruled from north -over million Vietnamese and 58,000 Americans killed -Johnson had committed to a program called Great Society -program of social reforms and civil rights initiatives

//The Race for Nuclear Supremacy//
-(1954) Eisenhower warned SU against attacking W. Europe -(1962) SU deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba -Krushchev pulled missiles from Cuba after pressure and US removed missiles from Turkey -**Cuban missile crisis**- (1962) Brink-of-war confrontation between the US and the SU over the latter’s placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba -(1963) Great Britain, US, and SU banned testing of nuclear weapons -(1968) UN and SU proposed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty against further proliferated of nuclear weapons -signed by 137 countries -(1972-1975) Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe brought delegates from 37 European states, US, and Canada to Helenski -**Helenski Accords**- (1975) Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the SU and W. European countries -no boundaries will be changed by military force -(October 1957) SU placed satellite into orbit around earth -US had own satellite 3 months later and put Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin as first humans to walk on moon (1969)

=__Decolonization and Nation Building__=

//New Nations in South and Southeast Asia//
-90% Hindu and rest Muslim in India -(1947, briefly in 1947) war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir -Achmad Sukarno allied with Japanese for Dutch to never return -(1949) withdrawal of Dutch -Sukarno became dictator of Dutch East Indies until overthrown in 1965 -(1948) Britain granted independence to Burma and established Maly Federation -(1965) Singapore became independent city-state -(1946) US granted independence for Phillipine Islands but had economic ties and leases on military bases

//The Struggle for Independence in Africa//
-Algerian economy oriented toward France -vineyards, oil, and gas fields -(1954) Algerians revolted 0organzation was the Front de Liberation National -supported by Egypt and other Arab countries -(1962) Algerian won independence -Africa built networks of roads and railroads to promote new political consciousness and spread anti-colonial ideas -improvement in medical care and public health -(1957) Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) became prime minister of Ghana -first British colony in W. Africa to achieve independence -Kenya unready for self-government -movement called “Mau Mau” British banned all African political protest and imprisoned nationalists for being Mau Mau leaders like Kenyatta -(1961) Kenyatta wrote constitution with British for independent Kenya -(1964) prime minister -chaotic independence of Belgian Congo -civil war, introudcution of foreign mercenaries, and rhetoric of Cold War -(1974) Portuguese army overthrew government of Portugal -(1912) African National Congress led opposition to apartheid -continued until 1990

//The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America//
-(1917) Mexico’s constitution begun economic nationalalism -political stability achieved under Institutional Revolutionary Party -US’ United Fruit Company was Guatemala’s largest landowner 0controlled infrastructure and suppress banana production and kept prices high -Jacobo Arbenz Guzman tried land reform that angered Company -removed by US’ CIA -US controlled Cuba’s sugar production, banking, transportation, tourism, and public utilities -(1934) treaty granting preferential treatment to Cuban sugar in American markert in return for access to Cuban market by American manufacturers -US kept 39% of land owned by sugar companies in production -(1953) Fulgencio Batista returned to Cuban power in a coup -(1959) fled country after opposition by students, labor unions, and supporters of Cuba’s traditional parties -revolution led by Fidel Castro -Castro sought economic support from SU -Us suspended sugar agreement and seek to destabilize Cuban Economy -Castro and Khrushchev placed nuclear weapons in Cuba in case of US invasion

//Challenges of Nation Building//
-(1945) 51 nations signed UC charter -education as common concern -each govt. had to organize and institute some form of govt.

=__Beyond a Bipolar World__=

//The Third World//
-US and SU as two worlds in mortal struggle, Third World consisted of everyone else -(1956) US reneged dam project in Egypt after Egypt turned to SU for arms -(1956) Israel, Great Britain, and France invaded Europe, overthrow Nasir, regain the Suez Canal, and secure Israel from any Egyptian threat -succeeded yet US and SU pressured withdrawal
 * -non-aligned nations-** Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War
 * -Third World- **Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during Cold War

//Japan and China//
-(1946) Japan’s constitution limited self-defense force, banned deployment of Japanese troops abroad, and gave the vote to women -electricity, steel, and ship-building industries of Japan improved, making Japan into economic superpower after 1975 -(1949) Mao Zedong established People’s Republic of China with SU allies -(1958) Mao’s Great Leap Forward with objective to raise China into ranks of world industrial powers -maximize use of labor in small-scale, village-level industries, and by mass collectivization in agriculture -(1962) failed -**Cultural Revolution**- (1966-1969) Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation -young militants suffered from factionalism -widespread beatings, executions, and incarcerations -(1971) half-million deaths and 3 million purged -(1971) US allowed PRC to join UN andoccupy China’s permanent seat on Security Council

//The Middle East//
-(1936) Arab unleashed a guerilla uprising against British -Jews and Arabs confronted ach other in riots or killings -(November 1947) General Assembly voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state -(May 1948) Israel declared independence and neighboring Arab countries allied with Palestinians to crush Israel -Israel won control of Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Sinai Peninsula -Palestine Liberation Organization waged guerilla war against Israel -**Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries**- Organization formed in 1960 by oil-producing states to promote their collective interest in generating revenue from oil -(October 1973) Egyptian attack across Suez Canal failed and US arranged a cease fire -Arab oil-producing countries voted to embargo oil shipments to US and Netherlands

//The Emergence of Environmental Concerns//
//­//-(1968-early 1970s) students created awareness of envriornmental issues -Earth Day celebrated in 1970 -US established its environmental Protection Agency

=__Conclusion__= -war exhaustion encouraged Asia and Africa to seek independence and build own nations -historians debate whether postwar era ended in 1975 -younger generations cared less about Cold War and more about world environment