foundations-600ce

//Part I - The Emergence of Human Communities to 500 B.C.E.//** Chapter 1 - From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations, 8000-1500 B.C.E. - 4 i. Before Civilization - 6 ii. Mesopotamia - 14
 * Foundations: 8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E. (19-20%)
 * Mesopotamia was located between the Tigres and Euphrates Rivers, in present-day Iraq

iii. Egypt - 23 iv. The Indus Valley Civilization - 29
 * Civilization based around the Nile River Valley flowing from Upper Egypt in the Southh and Lower Egypt in the North. Depended on the annual rising and falling of river to provide silt for soil. With silt, the soil was great for agriculture.
 * Due to dependence on rover most of religion is based around the river and items commonly found in the river.
 * travel and communication was made possible by the river with major cities located upstream the Mediterranean.
 * the Egyptian state centered on the king other wise known as the term pharaoh.
 * the writing system contained more then 400 signs to represent syllables and words
 * they Indus Valley people had great skills in irrgation such as the potter's wheel.

Chapter 2 - New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200-250 B.C.E. - 36 i. Early China, 2000-221 B.C.E. - 38 ii. Nubia, 3100 B.C.E - 250 B.C.E. - 48 iii. First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavin, 1200 - 250 B.C.E.
 * china is isolated by the natural barriers of the Himalayas

Chapter 3 - The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 B.C.E. - 59 i. The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1700-1100 B.C.E. - 62 ii. The Aegean World, 2000-1100 B.C.E. - 66 iii. The Assyrian Empire, 911-612 B.C.E. - 71 iv. Israel, 2000-500 B.C.E. - 74 v. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E. - 80

Chapter 4 - Greece and Iran, 100-30 B.C.E. - 92 i. Ancient Iran, 1000-500 B.C.E. - 93 ii. The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 B.C.E. - 99 iii. The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546-323 B.C.E. - 11 iv. The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323-30 B.C.E. - 116
 * //Part II - The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 B.C.E.-600 C.E.//**

Chapter 5 - An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.-600 C.E. - 123 i. Rome's Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.- 600 C.E. - 124 2. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean 3. The Failure of the Republic 4. The Roman Principate, 31 B.C.E.- 330 C.E. 5. An Urban Empire 6. The Rise of Christianity 7. Technology and Transformation 8. Byzantines and Germans
 * 1) The Republic of Farmers, 753-31B.C.E.
 * The Palatine Hill has been occupied since 1000 B.C.E.
 * agriculture is the main economic activity for the Roman Empire
 * 7 kings ruled Rome between 753 B.C.E.- 507 B.C.E.
 * the elite class is known as patricians, where as the lower class is known as the plebeians
 * women were seen as children to the law
 * although all man could vote, votes from the higher class count for more
 * Rome believed in many deities and other natural forces (called numina)
 * males that owned a certain amount of land, were required to work in the military
 * Romans shared their privileges with the conquered populations
 * many of the farmers lost their land to the elite class, and it was difficult to find jobs because all of the positions were taken by the prisoners, even in other cities.
 * strong military leaders: Sulla, Pompey, Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavian (or Augustus).
 * Augustus was Julius Caesar's heir, and he ruled for 45 years (63 B.C.E.- 14 C.E.)
 * The Roman Empire was an Urban empire for three centuries, meaning that the urban populace benefited the most.
 * the elite class had large townhouses that were elegantly decorated, but the poor lived in dark, small, overcrowded slums.
 * romanization-the spread of the Latin language and the Roman way of life.
 * Judaea became under Roman rule is 6 C.E.
 * Jesus, who some say was a rabbi, was a carpenter from the Galilee region in Israel.
 * he was crucified, which is normally only for common criminals.
 * Roman Judaea revolted from 66 C.E. - 73 c.E.
 * aqueducts were long elevated or underground conducts that transported water from the source to the city.
 * During the third-century crisis, which lasted from 235 C.E. - 284 C.E., 20 men were emperors
 * Diocletian was the last emperor during this time and he then ruled for 20 years.
 * Constantine ruled after him from 306 C.E. - 337 C.E.
 * He allowed free worship to all and changed the capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (which means "City of Constantine").
 * many disputes over religion occurred.
 * The Roman Empire soon became fragmented.

ii. The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.- 220 C.E. - 139 2. Hierarchy, Obedience, and Belief 3. The First Chinese Empire, 221 B.C.E. - 207 B.C.E. 4. The Long Reign of the Han (206 B.C.E. - 220 C.E.) 5. Technology and Trade 6. Decline of the Han Empire 1. factional intrigues within the ruling clan 2. official corruption and inefficiency 3. uprisings of desperate and hungry peasants 4. the spread of banditry 5. attacks on nomadic groups on the Northwestern frontier 6. ambitions of rural war lords
 * 1) Resources and Populations
 * agriculture was also the main economic activity.
 * most of the population lived in the eastern area.
 * all able-bodied men were expected to work a month on public work projects and serve in the military for 2 years.
 * the basic unit of the society was family.
 * Confucianism was created by Kongzi
 * women in this society were still always in complete control by the men.
 * worshiped many gods of nature and made sacrifices to please them.
 * The Qin empire conquered the Northern Plain and the Yangzi River Valley to create what is present-day China.
 * Shi Huangdi was the ruler and his partner was Li Si.
 * Li Si believed that harsh punishments created an obedient society.
 * they abolished slavery, created a standard weight and measuring system, coinage, a law code, a writing system, and they built canals and roads.
 * Liu Bang started the Han Dynasty in 206 B.C.E.
 * Emperor Wu, who was big on military, led the Han to conquer Fujian, Guangdong, Vietnam, Manchuria. North Korea, Mongolia, Xinjiang.
 * the emperors was also considered the "Son of Heaven," which meant he could communicate with the gods.
 * gentry-the class next in wealth below aristocrats
 * Daoism became a popular religion with the common people because it focused on finding the path of nature and to value the harmony of the natural world.
 * They produced steel, and cast-iron tools and weapons; made paper, a horse collar (used for plowing), and built roads.
 * 10%-30% of the population lived in the Han towns and cities.
 * silk was the main export of China. These exports were taken place through the creation of the Silk Road.
 * The Silk Road connected China to Arabian coasts and the Western civilizations.
 * The use of continuous military forces used all of the Hans finances and eventually lost their own military.
 * There are six reasons why the Han Dynasty fell:

iii. Imperial Parallels - 146
 * Family was very important to both the Han and Roman societies and cultures.
 * agriculture was the main economic activity for both
 * They expanded territory.
 * Roads were built.
 * Both empires had good borders for protection and/or transportation of goods and people.
 * However, they had different attitudes about the relationship between the individuals and the state.

Chapter 6 - India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E. - 150

i. Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 B.C.E.-300 C.E. - 152 1. mountainous 2. Great Basins of Indus and Ganges River 3. Peninsula Proper 2. The Vedic Age 1. Brahmin=priests and scholars 2. Kshatriya=warriors and officials 3. Vaishya=merchants, artisans, landowners 4. Shudra=peasants and laborers 3. Challenges to the Old Order: Jainism and Buddhism 1. life is suffering 2. suffering arises from desire 3. the solution to suffering lies in cubing desire 4. desire can be curbed if a person follows the "Eightfold Path" 4. The Rise of Hinduism 1. special knowledge of sacred truths 2. mental and physical discipline 3. extraordinary devotion to deity 1. he becomes a student and studies the sacred texts. 2. He becomes a household, marries, has children, and acquires material wealth. 3. When he has grandchildren, he gives his up his home and family to become a forest dweller and mediates on nature and its existence. 4. he leaves his identity and becomes ascetic awaiting death.
 * 1) The Indian Subcontinent
 * 3 topographical zones
 * monsoon=seasonal winds
 * wheat, barely, millet, and rice is the main food that is grown.
 * The Indian Ocean creates invasions and trade.
 * Vedic Age was from 1500 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E.
 * Groups of people migrated to India in 1500 B.C.E.
 * They had patriarchal societies.
 * 1000 B.C.E. the people began moving to the East Ganges Plain.
 * The Aryas and Dasas were rivals.
 * The varna system was based on the color of skin.
 * Four classes:
 * The "untouchables" became a new class=ones who did leather tanning, or swept the ashes after cremations.
 * Jati were groups that you were born into, which separated the people even more.
 * If the levels inter-mixed the higher classes would perform purifying rituals to rid themselves of "toxins."
 * All the deities were men, and sacrifices were essential for rituals.
 * Distracting themselves from desires, they could reach moksha, or liberation.
 * Jainism and Buddhism were new religions introduced.
 * Siddhartha Gautama (563 B.C.E. - 483 B.C.E.) became the Buddha, and Mahavira (540 B.C.E. - 468 B.C.E.) established Jainism.
 * Four Noble Truths
 * bodhisattvas=men/women who had achieved enlightenment and were close to nirvana but chose to be mortal to help others try and achieve nirvana as well.
 * Hinduism came about in the 4th century.
 * It has believes from both the Arya people and the Dravidian culture.
 * Hinduism formed from Arya and non-Arya cultures, as well.
 * 330 million gods are in Hinduism.
 * There are three main ways to view God
 * Water is sacred in Hinduism, especially the Ganges River, where many people travel to perform a ritual.
 * Four stages of the life cycle after a boy reaches manhood

ii. Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 B.C.E.-650 C.E. - 160 2. Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation 3. The Gupta Empire, 320 C.E. - 550 C.E.
 * Geography has separated the politics, languages, and cultures of India.
 * There were 2 main Empires: (1) Mauryan (fourth - second century B.C.E.), (2) Gupta (fourth - sixth century C.E.)
 * 1) The Mauryan Empire, 324 B.C.E. - 184 B.C.E.
 * Chandragupta Maurya gained control of Magadha. He ruled from 324 B.C.E. - 301 B.C.E.
 * He had two successors: Bindusara (r. 301 B.C.E. - 269 B.C.E.) and Ashoka (r. 269 B.C.E. - 232 B.C.E.)
 * Ashoka, who was Chandraguptas grandson, spoke about nonviolence, morality, moderation, and religious tolerance.
 * Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (180 B.C.E. - 50 B.C.E.)
 * Shakas, who were Iranian people strived from 50 B.C.E. - 50 C.E.
 * Kushans who controlled Osbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Northwestern India, lasted from 50 C.E. - 240 C.E.
 * Ramayan and Mahabharta were the two greatest Indian epics.
 * an advance in science and technology
 * The Andhra Dynasty existed from the second century B.C.E. to the second century C.E.
 * There were three Tamil Kingdoms: Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras.
 * The Gupta Empires from from Magadha, where the capital was located at Pataliputra.
 * Chandra Gupta (r. 320 C.E. - 335 C.E.), was the founder of the Gupta Empire.
 * He had three successores: Samudra Gupta, Chandra Gupta II, and Kumara Gupta.
 * The Gupta Empire required a 25% tax on agriculture and the people had to work a specific amount of days on public work projects.
 * The governor was hereditary and was passed from father to son in the elite classes.
 * The Indian mathematicians developed zero, "Arabic" numerals, and a system of place-value notation.
 * Women declined in social level during the Gupta Empire. They lost their right to own property, study sacred texts and participating in the rituals.
 * The women were married as young as six or seven, so the husband knew of her virginity and he could raise her for his own purposes.
 * sati= a ritual where a widow must burn herself on her husbands grave, so as to keep her "pure."
 * they created coined money for an easy exchange.
 * The artesian guilds became very influenetial in economics, politics, and religious activities.
 * main exports=cotton, ivory, metalwork, and animals
 * main imports=silk and spices
 * the Gupta Empire collapses in 550 C.E.

iii. Southeast Asia, 50-600 C.E. - 165 1. IndoChina mainland 2. Malay Peninsula 3. thousands of islands on the east-west axis, running into the Pacific Ocean
 * There are three geographical zones in India:
 * the large amounts of rain allow India to support a large population.
 * As early as 2000 B.C.E. people were clearing the rain forests in Southeast Asia.
 * They grew rice, soybeans, sugar cane, yams, bananas, coconuts, cocoyams, chickens, and pigs.
 * The commerce and Hindu-Buddhist culture were two very powerful forces.
 * Southeast Asia traded aromatic woods, resins, cinnamon, pepper, cloves, nutmeg and several other spices.

Chapter 7 - Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 B.C.E.-600 C.E. - 173 i. The Silk Road - 174
 * Started being used from 100B.C.E. to at least 1500B.C.E.
 * People of Central Asia used this long distance movement
 * Linking lands of Mediterranean with China by Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia
 * Parthians helped foster the Silk Road

ii. The Sasanid Empire, 224 C.E. - 600 C.E. iii. The Indian Ocean Maritime System - 178 1. South China Sea 2. the East coast of India to the Southeast Asian islands 3. from the West coast of India to the Persian Gulf and to some parts of Africa 1. Origins of Contact and Trade 2. The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade
 * Indian Ocean Maritime System=a trade network across the Indian Ocean and the South of China Sea.
 * 3 distinct trading regions:
 * Some discoveries and voyages were made before any written records.
 * Indian ships had triangular lateen sails, no oars, they were pierced (meaning to tie it together with palm fiber) and they were caulked with bitumen.
 * the colonies that were established were socially different, but they were not independent from political power of their homeland.
 * Some Southeast Asians migrated into Madagascar. They kept some of their old cultures and traditions, but most of the memories of their civilizations have been lost.
 * Africa traded exotic animals wood, and ivory.
 * the Indian ocean had a variety of items being traded in it, but still not as diverse as the Mediterranean Sea because of a lack of islands.
 * South India has ample water to support a large population and the steeps cut it off from the rest of the world.
 * East India, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia could be densely populated on the shores due to easier access to the inland areas.
 * Women influenced their family to be more bicultural and bilingual because they lived on the shores.

iv. Routes Across the Sahara - 182 1. Early Saharan Cultures 2. Trade Across the Sahara
 * The Sahara Desert separates sub-Saharan Africa from the Mediterranean world.
 * The trans-saharan caravan routes were founded due to drying out of North Africa.
 * mountains and highland areas separate North and South Africa
 * Caves contain rockpaintings and engravings of early Saharan history and cultures.
 * hunters mixed with new cattle breeders
 * The paintings showed that they danced and wore masks.
 * Refugees of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations settled there in the twelve century.
 * Camels were adopted and founded in 46 B.C.E. and from there they spread west and north.
 * Salt was abundant in the southern part of the desert.
 * Sahel=the southern borderlands of the Sahara
 * the Romans gave Italy wheat and olives.

v. Sub-Saharan Africa - 185 1. A Challenging Geography vi. The Spread of Ideas
 * The Sahara, rivers, and rapids prevented easy trade in the sub-Saharan region.
 * There were many different environments and biomes in Africa.