Ch+13+Outline

=//__ Tropic Lands and Peoples __//= -located in Tropics -rainy and dry season caused by changes in ocean winds -high pressure air mass winds from S. Atlantic cause heavy rain in W. coast -Dec. & Jan.= N. Africa and Arabia has southward movement of dry air -monsoon= alternating winds -heaviest rainfall with dense rain forests= coastal W. Africa and W. Central Africa, SE. Asia, and much of India -Sahara= world’s largest desert across N. Africa, eastward across Arabia and into NW. India -Diet= seals, whales, gazelles, wild roots, fishing -common domestication -used local water and rain patterns for grazing in case of droughts -most Somali tended goats and camels in the Horn of Africa -W. Africa= herds of sheep and camels -Ibn Batuta= Moroccan Muslim scholar writing details of visits of Islamic lands -1200= farming in S. & SE. Asia with population of 100 million (4/5 of them on fertile Indian mainland) -Ganges plain of northeast India, mainland SE. Asia, & southern China= rice cultivation -drier areas= grain and legumes -1200- Bantu-speaking farmers brought grain and tubers from West Africa to s. half of continent -Great Lakes of East Africa had bananas for staple food -yams and cocoyams of Asian origins -> equatorial Africa -shifting cultivation -inland delta of Niger River= large crops of rice grown with river’s naturally fertilizing annual floods sold along trading cities -Vietnam, Java, Malaya, and Burma farmers= irrigation for rice paddies w/ water control system -SE. India built stone and earthen dams for canals -Delhi Sultanate- centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders -iron=abundant and useful -hoes, axes, and knives for farming -spears and arrows for hunting -needles for clothes and leather goods -nails for fastening timbers -copper and alloys -W. Africa’s copper and brass statues made by “lost-wax” method -Africa exported gold across Sahara, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean New Islamic Empires -Mali found by indigenous African dynasty that had ealier adopted Islam -economy depended on trans-Saharan trade -South of Sahara= “land of the blacks” -1076- Muslim Berbers invaders -> collapse of Ghana (in western Sudan) -Mansa Kankan Musa= ruler of Mali, pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established empire’s reputation for wealth in Mediterranean world -Raziya (r. 1236-1240)- female ruler being discriminated against and imprisoned by Turkish chiefs -Sultan Ala-ud-din Khalji (r. 1296-1316)- raids and high taxes for monety -conquered trading state of Gujarat (1298) -Sultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq (r. 1324-1351 in Delphi)- aggressive expansion but religious toleration to win loyalty of Hindus and other non-Muslims -Firuz Shah ( r. 1351- 1388)- against Hindus by taxing Brahmins & favored Muslim with building of mosques, colleges, and hospitals -Bahmani kingdom (1347-1482 & established by Muslim nobles) controlling Deccan Plateau -Hindu states of S. India form Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565) as defense from Bahamani 1351- north India in rebellion -Bengal (east) became center of Sufi tradition of Islam in 1338 -Gujarat (west)- independence in 1390 -1398- Timur captured Delhi Indian Ocean Trade -stretching across Indian Ocean from Iran and Arabia to S.E. Asia -tying together people from Eurasia and Africa -two legs: one from Middle East across Arabian Sea to India & one from India across bay of Bengal to SE. Asia -Dhow- characteristic cargo and passenger ship of Arabian Sea -capacity= 100 tons (1200) advancing to 400 tons (1500) -Junks- developed in China and built from spruce/fir -carrying +1000 tons -Eastern Africa- gold from inland areas -Arabian peninsula shipped horses and goods from n. parts of Middle East, Mediterranean, and E. Europe -coastal India trading with east and west India -Strait of Malacca (between Indian Ocean’s eastern end and S. China Sea)= center of trade for S.E. Asia, China, and Indian Ocean -1500- 30-40 city-states in E. Africa established from trade -coastal Africans used Arabic script -//Swahili Coast//- East African shores of the Indian Ocean between Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River -commercial center & southern city of Kilwa -Kilwa major export= gold -capital= //Great Zimbabwe//- city, now in ruins )in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250-1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large trade -peak (1400) with 193 acres of land and 18,000 inhabitants -1250-1450= stone structures -wall enclosure as king’s court -mixed farming and cattle herding -decline= ecological crisis -//Aden//-port city in modern s. Arabian country of Yemen -major trading center in Indian Ocean -monsoon winds supplied drinking water and ability to grow grain -trade with Indian, Persian Gulf, E. Africa, and Egypt -India- cotton cloth and beads - -SE. Asia- spices -Arabia and Ethiopia- horses -Red Sea- pearls -Cairo- maufactures -Ethiopia- slaves, gold, ivory -Aden-grain, opium, dyes -Gujarat- western India with new trade with Delhi’s wealthy ruling class -dominated trade from India to Swahili coast -spread Islamic faith among E. Indian coast -Gujarat city, Cambay, was famous for gemstone -Calicut and coastal cities- cotton textiles and grains and spices -Zamorin=ruler of Calicut -principal passage into S. China Sea by using Strait of Malacca (between Malay Peninsula and island of Sumatra) -//Malacca//- port city in modern SE. Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as trading center on Strait of Malacca -meeting point for Indian and Chinese traders Social and Cultural Change -African Muslims- Middle Easter mosque designs -western Sudan=sun-baked clay and wood -Swahili Coast- coral stone -1325- mosque at Cambay= pillars, porches, and arches -center of education and prayer= mosques, churches, and temples -sons (maybe daughters) studied relgion’s classic texts -Arabic script -//Urdu//- Persian-influenced literary form of Hindu written in Arabic characters -Muslim scholars studied Islamic law, theology, and administration -//Timbuktu//- city on Niger River in modern country of Mali, Founded by Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major center of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning -Southeast Asia- Malacca as Islamic learning center -Delphi- center of learning -Islam influence spread from Swahili Coast, in the Sudan, in coastal India, and in Southeast Asia-1196- invaders destroyed Buddhist center of study at Nalanda in Bihar -Buddhism= minor faith -> Islam=second dominant religion in India -significant growth in slavery -2.5 million African slaves cross Sahara and Red Sea (1200-1500) -Askia Muhammad- slave general in w. Sudan control Soghai Empire (1493) -female slaves= servants, entertainers, concubines -sati (upper-caste widow threw herself on her husband’s funeral pyre)= social custom -marriage before women’s puberty & consummation took place when woman was ready -punished lighter for men -woman’s status determined by male master’s status -not allowed to have active roles in commerce, administration, or religion -job=food preparation and child rearing -made beer from grains or bananas -tropical African and Asian women-farmed -Mali’s Muslim women did not completely cover bodies and veil face