Chapter+15+Outline

Chapter 15 =__ Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450 __=

// The Pacific Ocean //
Polynesians mariners: -(Before C.E.) first humans to islands of Polynesia -(about 400 ce) Marquesas Islands were found -(500 ce) Easter Island off coast of S. America -(1200) New Zealand settled -(1947) Thor Heyerdahl argued that Easter Island and Hawaii was found from the Americas -evidences for Polynesians settling- islander language is closely related to w. Pacific and Malaya/ accidental voyages would not have brought sufficient pop. for a new colony w/ plants and animals from Polynesian islands -(1976) Ben Finney led Polynesian crew with navigational methods from Hawaii to Tahiti -Hokulea- 62 foot long double canoe, powered by triangular sail and steered by paddles

// The Indian Ocean //
-Malayo-Indonesians colonize in Madagascar -medieval Islam rise boosted Indian Ocean trade -Middle Easter Muslim cities wanted demand for rare goods -Muslim traders shared common lg., ethic, and law while spread religion -(1400) many Muslim communities around Indian Ocean -(1368) Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule and renewed China’s trading system -(1405-1433) seven fleets -Zheng He- an imperial eunicuch and Muslim, entrusted by Yongle w/ series of state voyages that took ships through Indian Ocean, from S.E. Asia to Africa -Chinese treasure ships carried rare goods as gifts to exchange for greater/equal gifts to Chinese emperor -> started trade between China and S. neighbors -(1415-1416) delegations were sent to China from Swahili Coast of E. Africa - increase in Chinese imports of pepper from s. Asian lands

// The Atlantic Ocean //
Vikings: -(770) settled in Iceland -(982) Greenland -(986) found N. America -Leif Ericsson created Vinland on island of Newfoundland -**Arawak**- Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus =__ European Expansion, 1400-1550 __=

// Motives for Exploration //
-voyages in exploration caused trends in Latin West (1000): revival in urban life and trade/ struggle with Islamic powers for dominance of the Mediterranean that mixed religious motives with desire for trade with distant land/ curiosity of outside world/ European alliance between merchants and rulers -(1450) N. Italy had trade links with n. Europe, Indian Ocean, and Black Sea -not leading Atlantic exploration: Venice and Genoa preferred continuing alliance with Muslims that had given their merchants accessed to trade with the East/ ships not suited for Atlantic’s conditions -(1250) Iberian’s Portugal, Castile, and Aragon conquer all Iberia’s Muslim land except Granada (conquered in 1492 with marriage)-> later became Spain

// Portuguese Voyages //
[Prince Henry (3rd son of Portugal king) attacked Ceuta (1415): -known as **Henry the Navigator**- promoted S. Atlantic exploration -research institute at Sagres for studying navigation and collecting information about the lands beyond Muslim N. Africa -ships established contanct with Madeira (1418) and Azores (1439) -improved navigational instruments from China and Islamic world (i.e. magnetic compass/astrolabe) -**caravel**- a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic/ small cannon for fighting ships -(1444) mariners reached Senegal River and named land below Sahara “Caoe Verde” (Green Cape because of vegetation) -discovered ships could pick up prevailing westerly winds to blow them back to Portugal by sailing N.W. into Atlantic to latitude of Azores -used income of Order of Christ (right to promote Christianity in all the discovered land) -(1440s) financial return from voyages by slave trade with slaves from NW coast of Africa and Canary islands -(1457) sufficient supply of African gold led to Portugal issuing new gold coin “cruzado” (crusade) -(1460) death] [ (1469) Lisbon merchant Fernao Gomes- received privilege to trave for five years by exchanging to build trade: -discoveredSao Tome-. Major source of Sugar -**Gold Coast**-region of the Atlantic coast of W. Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from 1470s onward] -(1488) **Bartolomeu Dias**- first Portuguese explore to round the S. tip of Africa and enter Indian Ocean -(1497-1498) **Vasco da Gama** sailed around Africa and reached India to open commercial sea route -(1500) Pedro Alvares Cabral- discovered E. coast of S. America and lay basis for Portugals later claim Brazil while former purpose: catch wind to lead them around s. Africa and to India

// Spanish Voyages //
[**Christopher Columbus-** Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization: -(1492) King Ferdinand of Aragon funded for expedition -(October 1492) reached Caribbean] **Ferdinand Magellan**- Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world =__ Encounters With Europe, 1450-1550 __=

// Western Africa //
-(1482) coastal w. Africans wanted to negotiate trade with Portugal with welcoming ceremony -Portuguese crown gained 1/10 gold production by giving Africa large quantities of goods coming from Asia, Europe, and other parts of Africa -(after 1538) African kings show no interest in converting to Christianity and closed male slaves for rest of 16th century -king of Kongo made Catholicism the official faith- sell more slaves to get Portuguese goods and pay for missionaries -(after 1540) slave trade from W. Africa moved farther south // Eastern Africa // -(1498) Vasco de Gama sailed up to E. African coast -Malindi saw Portugues as an ally who could aid city’s trading and gave da Gama a pilot to guide him to India -Queen Helena of Ethiopia asked for alliance with Portugal’s fleet against Turks

// Indian Ocean States //
-(May 1498) Vasco de Gama did not impress Calicut citizens on Malabar Coast of India with inferior goods -Portuguese crown wanted to make Indian Ocean Portugal’s territory -(1505) Portuguese fleet of 81 ships and 7000 men sent to invade Swahili Coast cities -(1510) Gao (Indian port on west coast) fell -(1515) Hormuz port controlling Persian Gulf entry conquered -Aden remained independent -(1535) Gujarati port of Diu taken and Portugal dominated w. Indian Ocean -Portuguese explorers monitoring Bay of Bengal and waters farther East -(15th century) Malacca= a place where goods are stored or deposited and from which they are distributed (entrepot) for trades from China, Japan, India, SE. Asian mainland, and Moluccas -(1511) Portuguese seized Malacca -(1557) Portugal establish trading post at Macao -(1501-1509) Ottoman went against Portugal intrusions with help of Egypt and (1538) second expedition- both failed but had advantage in Red Sea and Persian Gulf -(1509) Gujarat joined Egypt to wipe Portugal from Arabian sea -(1535) Gujarat allowed Portuguese to build fort at Diu in return for support-> Portuguese licensed and taxed all Gujarati ships

// The Americas //
-Spanish and Portuguese had similar motives and ships/weapons -Arawak of Hispaniola in Greater Antilles and N. Bahamas were first Amerindians to encounter Columbus -cultivated maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, hot peppers, cotton, and tobacco -skilled at mining and working gold but did not trade gold over long distances -(1495) Hispaniola Arawak warred against Columbus’s settlers who stole gold/food and raped women-> survivors of Arawakpaid tax in gold, cotton, and food or otherwise forced into labor -**Conquistadors**- early 16th century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru -Juan Ponce de Leon (1460-1521) conquered island of Borinquen (1508) and explored S.E Florida (1513) -**Hernan Cortes**- Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain -(1518) small pox first occurring in island of Hispaniola -**Moctezuma**- last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes -welcomed Cortes but Spanish stole treasury -Aztec briefly gain upper hand by destroying half of Spanish force and 4000 of Spanish Amerindian allies and acrificed to their gods 53 Spanish prisoners and 4 horses/ Moctezuma killed in battle -Spanish retreated -(1521) Spanish captured Tenochititlan due to smallpox -**Francisco Pizarro**- Spanish explorer leading conquest of Incas Empire of Peru (1531-1533) -(Nov. 1532) met Inca emperor **Atahualpa** (last ruling Inca emperor of Peru, executed by Spanish) and Atahualpa paid random of gold and Silver-> given choice: burned at stake/ baptized and then strangled )chose babtize) -> death and Spanish domination broke unity of Inca Empire -(1536) last battle ending Inca Empire

// Patterns of Dominance //
-isolation= vulnerable to new diseases -Spains’ military superiority -reconquest of Iberia in Spain’s ability to govern its New World Empire -got idea of forced labor, conversion, and system of administering conquered lands from Iberia’s reconquest