unit4TestPrep

UNIT 4 (Chapters 21-27) Study Guide – World History AP 1. The early 1600’s, rivalries among European powers

2. The colonial wars of the eighteenth century (and their effects)

3. Major eighteenth-century wars in Europe?

4. The Enlightenment

5. John Locke and his Ideas

6. Rousseau’s most radical ideas about government

7. What did monarchs such as Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia’s think about the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers?

8. Nicholas-Jacques Conte

9. Role of women in the dissemination of new political ideas

10. The Enlightenment’s influence on various classes of people

11. Benjamin Franklin (his example to European intellectuals)

12. Folk cultures

13. Eighteenth century reactions of the common people of Europe to violations of popular customs

14. Problems the British faced after defeating the French in 1763

15. Why did the Amerindians begin to intensify their hunting practices?

16. Know your chiefs: Pontiac, Chief Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Lenape, Geronimo

17. The Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774 (and their intentions)

18. The American frontier wars of the eighteenth century

19. The Stamp Act of 1765

20. The “Boston Massacre”

21. tactics with which the European colonial settlers responded to British policies before 1775

22. John Jay, Voltaire, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine.

23. British allies during the American revolution

24. The Battle of Saratoga in 1777

25. Yorktown and British General Cornwallis

26. Why the Constitutional Convention of 1787 is called “the Second American Revolution”

27. Why were slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person?

28. How long did the Constitution allow the slave trade to continue?

29. Under which state Constitution were women and African-Americans eligible to vote until 1807?

30. The French Revolution?

31. The French Revolution and it’s results of the French Revolution (King Louis XVI)

32. Examples of the growing poverty in France was

33. Contributors to the financial crisis that triggered the French Revolution

34. 1787, the Assembly of Notables

35. 1787, why did King Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General, the French national legislature

36. Which French Estate declared itself to be the National Assembly?

37. What was Louis XVI’s reaction to the formation of the National Assembly?

38. 1789, Parisian crowd’s attack/march

39. Accomplishments by the new French constitution

40. September of 1792, the rumors of counterrevolutionary plots caused

41. The Jacobin members of the National Convention

42. Maximilien Robespierre (and his alliances)

43. The Reign of Terror

44. Napoleon’s popularity

45. The British defeat of Napoleon’s navy in 1805

46. What lead to Napoleon’s decline?

47. Napoleon’s defeat

48. Saint Domingue

49. François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverature

50. The Congress of Vienna

51. In 1830, Greece won its independence

52. The revolutions of 1848 across Europe

53. Population growth prior to the Industrial Revolution

54. The result of the 19th century population explosion in Europe

55. The Agricultural Revolution

56. In rural areas manufacture was carried out through cottage industries

61. Factors that gave Britain a “head start” on the Industrial Revolution

62. Reaction of other countries in Europe to Britain having a head start in the Industrial Revolution

63. New forms of energy that were important during industrialization

64. Josiah Wedgwood

65. What does it mean to use a “division of labor” in manufacturing?

66. Why did England began importing raw cotton?

67. New inventions developed to weave cotton textiles

68. Advantages of mechanization

69. Iron production and Abraham Darby’s discovery

70. the Crystal Palace

71. James Watt’s invention

72. Oceangoing ships initially did not use steam power because?

73. How European industries such as iron, construction, and machinery were stimulated by railroad networks

74. Impact of the electric telegraph

75. Impact that industrialization had on the world regarding N. America and Europe

76. Environmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution

77. Urban poor neighborhoods

78. Change in rural life during the industrial revolution

79. How factory work represented a complete transformation in the nature of agricultural work

80. Industrial work’s impact on the family (including if they made enough to make ends meet)

81. Women during the Industrial Revolution (including their wages compared to men and reasons why single women and married women both did factory)

84. How children were treated in the industrial work force

85. Many factory owners opened their factories with a commitment to decent wages and housing, but would eventually do what?

86. The cotton boom’s effect on planters, manufacturers and slaves

87. The Industrial Revolution is generally viewed as a period of progress, yet in reality what was economic growth and prosperity truly like?

88. What class benefited most from the Industrial Revolution

89. the “cult of domesticity”

90. What does Adam Smith propose in //The Wealth of Nations//?

91. Thomas Malthus’s explanation of workers’

92. When Britons spoke of “the dismal science,” they referred to

93. positivism.

94. Charles Fourier

95. Ways in which workers resisted harsh treatment

96. The Factory Act of 1833

97. As a result of industrialization, the relationship between Western Europe and the non-Western world became based on Western dominance

98. How does industrialization change China’s relationship with the West (militarily)?

99. Why does England discourage the efforts of Egypt to industrialize?

100. India had dominated the world’s cotton textile manufacturing for centuries, but when England imported cheap textiles into India, what happened to the Indian textile worker?

101. Latin American revolutions were initially triggered by what?

102. The Junta Central was a political body established to do what?

103. The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments was initially led by what group of people?

104. In his revolution, Simón Bolívar was aided by

105. What was Gran Colombia?

106. Who did Jose de San Martin led Chilean and Argentine forces against?

107. Jose de San Martin’s most effective troops were who?

108. In 1810, who was Spain’s richest and most populous American colony

109. With the king of Spain imprisoned by the French, how was the authority of Spanish colonial officials maintained?

110. Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

111. Brazil’s new government after Pedro I declared independence in 1822

112. Emperor Pedro I of Brazil’s view on slavery (look for quote from paper)

113. The Confederation of 1867 and the “birthday of a new nationality” (Canada)

114. Latin American governments had difficulty with the church in which ways?

115. In Latin America, who were the caudillos

116. Similarities shared between Venezuelan leader José Antonio Páez and American Andrew Jackson

117. Low literacy levels and a weak constitutional tradition in Latin America resulted in few checks on whom?

118. Which issue threatened the unity of the United States?

119. Unlike other American revolutions of the period, why did the Confederacy fail in the United States Civil War?

120. In the nineteenth century, which territories did Mexico loose?

121. Settling of Texas in northeastern by Mexico

122. Benito Juarez.

123. The effects of the end of colonialism in the Americas on the Amerindians

124. Tecumsah.

125. 1830, Indian Removal Act

126. How did the Plains Indians successfully resist U.S. expansion (in part)?

127. Effect of reduced buffalo hunting on Plains Indian women

128. Advantage of Amerindians in Argentina and Chile in checking settlers’ southern expansion was an unlimited food supply from herds of what?

129. Know the Caste War

130. Define abolitionists and know their arguments

132. Emancipation of slavery resulting in “Jim Crow” laws

133. The Paraguayan War’s effect on slavery

134. Why were Caribbean settlers not enthusiastic about independence from European imperial governments?

135. Why did British begin to push for an end of slavery (sugar plantations)

136. Know the order in which slavery lasted on the Caribbean islands

137. The largest numbers of new arrivals in the Americas during the //colonial// period were whom?

138. During the nineteenth century, the majority of immigrants to the western hemisphere were from

139. How did Canada reduce Asian immigration in the 1880s

140. The United States efforts to assimilate immigrants

141. What is acculturation?

142. The Women’s Rights Convention

143. Working-class women and how they transformed gender relations

144. What three Western Hemisphere countries earned similar individual income levels as Western Europe by 1900?

145. The Industrial Revolution created new demand for metals such as copper, zinc and tin. This led to a mining boom in what three countries?

146. Technological improvements in the Argentinian cattle industry at the end of the nineteenth century

147. The United States railroad networks of the nineteenth century

148. Cuba’s expanding sugar production and the effect on the environment 149. John Muir

150. When confronted with the choice of economic growth or environmental protection, what did all nations choose?

151. The creation of new states in Africa between 1750 and 1870

152. The Nguni peoples of southeastern Africa

153. The Zulu kingdom (beginnings, warriors, national identity, etc.)

155. The kingdoms of Lesotho and Swazi creation

157. Islam’s impact on the consolidation of West African states, such as the Sokoto Caliphate

158. What shaped Muhammad Ali’s creation of modern Egypt

159. Methods used by Muhammad Ali to modernize Egypt

160. How was Egyptian modernization paid for?

161. Egypt’s modernization made it the strongest state in the Islamic world, yet what happened to their economy?

162. 1840’s, Ethiopian leaders purchase and production of weapons

163. Causes of the French invasion of Algeria

164. In addition to military intrusion into Africa, what did European explorers peacefully do?

165. Who was David Livingstone?

166. Why did the slave trade end?

167. The British were the world’s greatest slave traders and later…

168. How did Africans trade for European manufactured goods after the slave trade ended?

169. The most successful export from West Africa after abolition was

170. The spread of Western cultural influences in West Africa (Sierra Leone and Liberia).

171. Eastern African states as “secondary empires”

172. Although the East India Company was founded in 1600, the British gradually colonized India by doing what? 173. In order to expand their trade and profits in India, what did British, French and Dutch “company men” do?

174. Who were “Sepoys”

175. The East India Company’s and the victory at Bengal in 1765.

176. What is the British raj?

177. The central British reform in India

178. The EIC (Indian economy)

179. The Sepoy Rebellion in 1857

181. The Indian Civil Service

182. Expansion of Indian trade

183. 1870, the Indian railroad system

184. (India) kala mari (black death)

185. Rammohun Roy and Pan-Indian nationalism

186. The Indian National Congress

187. Why did the Dutch turn their colonies over to Britain?

188. Cape Colony’s importance to the British

189. The Great Trek

190. The underlying goal of British imperialism in the mid-nineteenth century

191. The former British North American colonies and Australia displacing indigenous peoples.

192. The first British settlers in Australia

193. Self government settler colonies in the South Pacific settler colonies

194. Plantation workers after British slave emancipation in 1834

195. Plantation workers contracts of indenture

196. Why did most indentured servants leave their homes?

197. The finances of the Qing Empire in the 1800s

198. Who became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluks, and Ottoman governments?

199. How did Muhammad Ali paid for his many reforms?

200. Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

201. Opponents of early Ottoman reforms

202. In 1805, the threat of Russian intervention forced the Ottomans to accede to independence for what area?

203. Why did the ulama opposed Selim III’s reforms?

204. What was the result of the war for Greek independence?

205. What did Mahmud II do after the war for Greek independence?

206. What were the Tanzimat proclamations?

207. What was the preferred language of the reformed educational system?

208. Identify indications of the reforms in the Ottoman military and society was (think clothing)

209. What was the impact of Ottoman reforms on women?

210. The Crimean War

213. What influenced the Young Ottomans?

214. European relations with Russia

215. The construction of a railroad in Russia

216. How did the Russian government viewed industrialization

217. Why did European countries view Russia as more “European” than the Ottoman Empire?

218. What is Pan-Slavism?

219. The Russian expansion southward in the nineteenth century (look at whom they intensified political friction with).

220. What was the “Decembrist Revolt” and what were the causes?

221. What forms were instituted by Tsar Alexander II after losing the Crimean War?

222. What did the intellectual flowering that took place under Tsar Alexander II include?

223. Why was the Qing view of the European threat one of complacency?

224. What did the British frustration by the enormous trade deficit with China led to?

225. When the Qing banned the importation of opium, the reaction by the British was to do what?

226. What did the Opium War expose about the Qing land forces (the Bannermen)?

227. What advantage did the British military have in the Opium War?

228. What resulted from the Treaty of Nanking?

229. Why did the Chinese resent Europeans and Americans?

230. What stresses led to the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangxi region?

231. Who was Hong Xiquan and what was his movement and what was it about?

232. What role did women play in the Taiping Rebellion?

233. The Taiping Rebellion compared to other civil wars (what makes it unique)

234. What was the status of the U.S. railroad network by 1915?

235. How was ocean shipping transformed by the mid-nineteenth century?

236. What was the public and press opinion of submarine telegraph cables?

237. What was Englishman Henry Bessemer best known for? Improving William Kelly's method by producing steel at one-tenth the cost of earlier methods.

238. What qualities make steel different from iron? It is hard and elastic

239. How did the chemical dye industry hurt tropical nations such as India? It delighted consumers but ruined the natural-dye producers in tropical countries like INdia

240. What was the development of nitroglycerin important for? It could be turned into dynamite

241. Why was industrial chemistry a great advantage to Germany? Germany had the most advanced engineering schools and scientific institutes of the time

242. Indentify the early use of lighting and electric current Efficient generators could turn mechanical energy into electric current. Electric lighting rapidly replaced dim and smelly gas lamps in the cities of Europe and North America.

243. Identify trends of booms in prosperity followed by depressions in the global business cycle The economics of western Europe and North America grew more diversified and prosperous by mass producing consumer goods for the growing population. However, capitalist economies were prey to sudden swings in the business cycle where workers lost their jobs and investors their fortunes.

244. By 1900, which nation controlled the majority of the world’s trade and finances was? Britain

245. How did the death rate increase the number of Europeans overseas? Epidemics and starvation became less common

246. How did cities in industrial nations change their character in the 19th century? Railroads brought goods and allowed people to live farther apart. Electric streetcars and subways allowed working-class people to live miles from their workplaces

247. Identify important urban technological innovations Important change was the installation of pies to bring in clean water and to carry away sewage. Gas lighting and electric lighting also

248. How did the middle class exhibited its wealth The middle class families moved to new developments on the edges of cities

249. What did the Victorian Age refer to (specifically in regards to rules of behavior and family)? It refers to the reign of Queen Victoria of England and also to rules of behavior and to an ideology surround ght efamily and the relations between men and women. Victorians contrasted masculine ideals of strength and courage with the feminine virtues of beauty and kindness, and they idealized the home as a peaceful and loving refuge

250. What did “separate spheres” in the late-nineteenth-century Victorian moral outlook refer to?

251. How was a family considered middle-class?

252. Identify new household technologies and how they related to standards of cleanliness

253. What relationship do women and the invention of the typewriter and telephone first being used in business in the 1880s have with one another?

254. Why were women considered well-suited for teaching jobs?

255. How did some women seek satisfaction outside of the home in the Victorian age?

256. What difficulties did urban industrial working-class women have?

257. How did working-class women earn money to support their family?

258. Identify socialism and capitalism

259. What was The nineteenth-century movement that defended workers against their employers?

260. As defined by Karl Marx, what was “surplus value”

261. What was the goal of the International Working Man’s Association?

262. How did workers around the world primarily seek change?

263. Who was Emma Goldman?

264. What was the 19th century idea of nationalism? 265. There was a revolutionary nineteenth-century idea to realign national boundaries to fit certain divisions… what were those divisions?

266. What ideas did Liberalism assert?

267. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?

268. What lessons did politicians learn from the revolutions of 1848?

269. How did Bismarck plan to unite most German-speaking people into a single state?

270. Why did Bismarck gave the vote to all adult males?

271. What was the case of Captain Alfred Dreyfus and how did this show societal divisions?

272. What problems did Great Britain face in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

273. What was the attitude of “splendid isolation” by the British a reference to?

274. Why did nationalism fail to unify Russia and Austria-Hungary?

275. Tsar Alexander II successfully emancipated the serfs, yet he failed to do what major reform?

276. What caused the creation of the Japanese Duma and constitution?

277. What was the early 20th century Chinese plan for reform called?

278. Who was the shogun.

279. Why did Tokugawa Shogunate close Japanese borders to foreigners?

280. Identify Matthew Perry and Japan

281. Identify the 1858 the Treaty of Kanagawa (and what it was modeled after)

282. How did leaders of Meiji Japan plan to remain free from Western imperialism?

283. What was the foundation of the new Japan?

284. Who were the Meiji

285. How did the Meiji oligarchs transform Japan?

286. What happened to government-owned industries in Japan once they became profitable?

287. Who was Yamagata Aritomo and what was the “sphere of influence” all about?

288. What was the Boxer Uprising?

289. What was the Suez Canal (opened in 1869) and what events happened after it opened?

290. What do historians use the term //New Imperialism// to refer to and how did technology play a part in this?

292. What effect did New Imperialism have on the economy?

293. What was the French government’s political motive for participating in the New Imperialism?

294. How was colonial territory often seized?

295. What were the cultural motives of New Imperialism?

296. What job opportunities did the colonies offer European women?

297. How did the power of Western technology influence many Euro-Americans?

298. How did Western racism against non-Europeans develop?

299. What were the economic motives for imperialism?

300. How did technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution enable colonization during New Imperialism?

301. What was //Falciparum// ?

302. Identify technological advancements of the late nineteenth century

303. What was the “firepower gap?”

304. What was the 1898 battle at Omdurman?

305. What is “colonialism?”

306. What were protectorates?

307. Why did New Zealand have self rule?

308. Why was the support of indigenous elites needed for governing colonies?

309. How did Western women influence racism and segregation in the colonies? 310. What was the “scramble for Africa?”

311. What did the Egyptian modernization brought an accumulation of foreign debt cause to occur?

312. What was the cause for the construction of the Aswan Dam?

313. How did the French initially plan to open the interior trade of Senegal?

314. With King Leopold’s money, what did Henry Morton Stanley do?

315. What was the major decision of the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885?

316. How did Europeans use private companies to control equatorial Africa?

317. Companies brutally forced Africans to produce crops or gather resources. What/where was the worst of these abuses?

318. Why did the British want to expand to Southern Africa?

319. Who was Cecil Rhodes?

320. What did South Africa’s 1913 Natives Land Act intend to do?

321. Where did the most successful African resistance against Europeans take place?

322. Why did the Ethiopians defeat Italy at Adowa?

323. How did the presence of European colonial officials influence land rights, commercial transactions and legal disputes in Africa?

324. What effect did the flood of Christian missionaries into Africa have on the spread of Islam?

325. Why did Russians occupy the territory of Kazakhstan?

326. Name the last independent state in Southeast Asia in the late nineteenth century.

327. What characteristics about Southeast Asia caused it to be seen as having great economic potential?

328. How did Europeans transform the environment of Southeast Asian dependencies?

329. Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?

330. Why did the United States annex Hawaii?

331. Why did the United States purchase the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?

332. What did Free-trade imperialism in Latin America mean?

333. Why were extensive railroad systems built in Latin America?

334. Why did Europeans avoid taking formal colonies in Latin America?

335. What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

336. What was the result of the Spanish-American War?

337. What did the Platt Amendment do?

338. Why did the United States support a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia?

339. What are Hevea trees?